Medicine In Eighteenth-and Nineteenth Century Britain Flashcards
Who was Edward Jenner and what was the smallpox vaccination?
Edward Jenner:born (1749). Was a doctor in Gloucester. discovered that poeple who had cowpox would not catch small pox. Creating a vaccine to prevent the diseases
Small pox vaccination: he realised milkmaids did not catch small pox, but rather cowpox. So through scientific experiments. He discovers the link between cowpox and smallpox.
-(1796) injected a kid with cowpox, then infected him with smallpox. Which proved that the body did not catch smallpox
-1798: published his finding
-1802: approved by parliament
-1979: wHO announced small pox was eradicated
Why did some people oppress the small pox vaccination?
-poeple we’re worried of catching a disease from a cow
-poeple we’re used to inoculation
What was the significance of Edward Jenner?
-his findings were by chance
-he did not understand how it worked
-helped be a bases for germ theory’s vaccinations
-long lasted impact
Who was John snow and what was his response to cholera?
John snow: London doctor. Believed cholera spread through water
1854 cholera outbreak: cholera was in broad street London. Wanted to test his theaory. So He interviewed people and mapped out where common cases were found.
-discovered victims used same water pump in broad street. Then convinced local councils to remove handle from water pump. Ending the outbreak. Proving his theory right
What was John snows significance?
-proved that disease could be waterborne
-the cesspit split lining showed reconstruction was needed in city’s
-put more pressure on gov for public health act
-would’ve not been widely accepted without germ theory
Who was florance nightingale and what was her influence on nursing?
Florence nightingale: a nurse in Crimean war(1853-1854) worked in Barack hospitals.
Influence: Improved hospitals by making Al wards clean and hygienic. Patients were given adequate water supply. This decreased the death rate in hospitals from 42% to 2%
-1859) published book ‘notes on nursing emphasising need for hygiene and professional attitude.
-rafter her death, raised £44,000 in (1919) to train nurses
What was the significance of Florence nightingale l?
- showed that hugenie was something to take seriously
-stating the need for trained professionals
-individuals could not only be influenced by germ theory
-had long lasting impact
Who was louis pastuer and what was germ theory?
Louis Pasteur: a French chemist
Germ theory: published in 1861, where microbes in the air caused decay. With germs causing disease. Suggest microbes can be killed by heating
-this was proved by putting sterile water in a closed flask and open flask. The flask closed remained sterile, whilst the open flask bred germs
What was Louis Pasteur significance
-inspired other individuals to develop new scientific ideas
-put pressure for public health act
-disproved spontaneous generation
-was not at first widely accepted, opposed Charlton bastion beliefs.
- provided foundation of modern medicine
Who was James Simpson and what was his work on anaesthetics!?
James Simpson: profesor of midwifery at Edinburgh university
Chloroform: (1847) discovered chloroform could help pain during childbirth. Was used by queen victoria for child brith
What was James Simpson significance?
-more poeple we’re willing to take longer and complex operations
-Poeple felt more secure
-surgeons inspired to be more ambitious. So increased death rates as long operation would be unhygienic, from using unwashed and dirty instruments.
-stopped use of ether(highly flammable)
Who was Joseph lister and what was his work on antiseptics?
Joseph lister
Antiseptic: (1866) used carbolic acid to clean wound and used it in instruments and bandages
What was Joseph lister significance?
-he reduced death rate from 50% to 15%
-made people less afraid of dying in operations
- was not possible without germ theory
Who was Robert Koch and what did he do?
Robert Koch: German scientist
- identified specific diseases using germ theory. Used newly invented photography to report his findings
-1883 identified cholera
-1878 identified septicima
What was Robert Koch significance?
-proved that germ theory worked
-created vaccines to prevent illness
-increased poeples awareness of serous disease
-push give for public health act
What was included in the public health act of 1848?
A council could council set up there own board of health if they wanted to
-was expensive
-was encouraged by giver many for local council to collect tax for public health act
What was the public health act of 1875 and why was it significant?
Was passed by government of Benjamin Disraeli
-forced councils to maintain sewage systems from cholera outbreaks,
•keep streets clean.
•Authorities responsible to asign inspectors to control health condition to monitor water supplies and hygiene
-was compulsory
What did William Far suggest?
He compiled birth and death statistics in (1840s)showed that people in similar areas using same water supplies died from similar things
What did Edwin Chadwick repot suggest?
Published (1842) described dire conditions working people had lived in
Gained research via interviews
-report recommended improved drainage, remove refuse and provide clean water supply, and appoint medical officers
