Medicine Chapter 2

Question 1

What did the french academy of science do in 1860

Answer 1

Set a challenge for scientists

Could spontaneous generation be proved.

Question 2

What did pasteur discover when working on the challenge

Answer 2

Microorganisms were not created by the mixture as it decayed

The microorganisms were in the air and caused decay

Became known as germ theory

Question 3

What were the 4 principles of germ theory

Answer 3

The air contains living microorganisms

Microorganisms can be killed by heating them

Microorganisms in the air cause decay

Microorganisms are not evenly distributed in the air

Question 4

Date given for germ theory

Answer 4

1861

Question 5

In what year did [Pasteur Public his book and what was its name

Answer 5

1878

Germ theory and its application to medicine

Question 6

What effect did Pasteur theory have on surgery

Answer 6

Over the next 20 years it had a huge impact because it allowed understanding of whey infection developed after operations

Question 7

What period was the black period

Answer 7

1846-66

Question 8

What year did Joseph lister become a professor at Glasgow university

Answer 8

1859

Question 9

How did lister come up with carbolic spray

Answer 9

Lister read Pasteur work on germ theory

Lister was told that carbolic acid was used at sewage works .

He realised it was the carbolic acid that was was killing the microorganisms present

Then he realised the smell of infected wounds is very similar to sewage

He thought it might be able to be used to prevent infection

Question 10

listers records of amputations

Answer 10

1864-66= without antiseptics = 45.7% death rate

1867-1870= with antiseptics = 15% death rate

Question 11

Why were his methods called antiseptics

Answer 11

Used to fight infection

Question 12

Opposition to listers ideas

Answer 12

Carbolic spray made surgical equipment slippery and difficult to grip , slowed down the operation

The spray made the hands of the doctors crack and sore

Many doctors did not believe in germ theory so did not accept antiseptic techniques

Some doctors didn’t use the techniques properly

Many nurses were frustrated because they had to spend more time dressing patients’ wounds

Lister would adapt and adjust his techniques , doctors thought he was not confident

Question 13

Who convinced the government that sewage system in London needed to be improved

Answer 13

Joseph bazalgette

Question 14

How much did the London board of works give bazalgette

Answer 14

£3 million

Question 15

Bazalgette became the chief engineer and what were his main plans

Answer 15

The sewers should be very large , oval shapes built of brick instead of small narrow pipes. This meant that sewage was less likely to get stuck

The whole system was planned to bring the waste down to the lower stretches of the Thames so the sewage would be washed out to sea

Question 16

How many KM of sewers were built by 1865

Answer 16

2000km

Question 17

How much money was spent by the end of the project

Answer 17

By 1875 £6.5 million

Question 18

what year was the sanitary act

Answer 18

1866

Question 19

What did the sanitary act say

Answer 19

. Local inspectors to check on water supplies and drainage systems

Question 20

Local governments did what in Manchester

Answer 20

Made regulations on room size and window size this was too. Are sure there was enough light and ventilation

Question 21

Public health act in 1875 made local authorities responsible for what

Answer 21

Supply of clean water

Dealing with sewage in a way that would prevent it from polluting drinking and washing water

Building public toilets

Ensuring new housing was built to good standards

Inspecting conditions in lodging houses

Employing health and sanitary inspectors

Creating street lighting to prevent accidents

Checking quality of food on sale

Question 22

Difference in amount of voters in 1848 and 1867

Answer 22

1 million men in 1848 upper class and middle class

2 million men , ordinary men included

Question 23

How did Florence nightingale improve hospitals

Answer 23

She vacated famous after crimea and was considered an expert

In 1859 wrote a book called notes on nursing which would set recommendations for hospitals

She believed in miasma and although it was wrong her ideas still improved hygiene

Question 24

How nightingale improved training for nurses

Answer 24

Wrote another book in 1859 called notes on nursing

She gave advice on the importance of ventilation , light , bedding , cleanliness and food

The book was translated into 11 languages this shows the popularity

In 1860 the nightingale school for the training of nurses was established

She wrote over 200 books on nursing

Question 25

Attitudes towards women

Answer 25

Few women become doctors

They were seen as inferior and less intelligent when compared to men

They did not receive the same education and were taught to be good mothers

They were not expected to go to university

Often forced to be house wives

Nightingale made it acceptable for women to be nurses

People thought women couldn’t cope with the unpleasant aspects of surgery and being a doctor

Women were not satisfied and joined movements for example the suffragist movement

Question 26

Elizabeth Blackwell

Answer 26

English women who moved to the USA

She became the first female doctor

She spent a year giving lectures

One day she inspired a young lady called Elizabeth Garret

Elizabeth garret came from a wealthy family who were shocked when she said she wanted to be a doctor

Question 27

Start of Elizabeth garrets medical career

Answer 27

She became a nurse at Middlesex hospital and she attended lectures that were provided for male doctors

She applied to study medicine at many different schools but they all rejected her because she was a women

She started dissecting corpses in her own bedroom

Question 28

How was Elizabeth garret finally excepted

Answer 28

Garret completed a coarse of medical training but none of the three society’s would license her achievement

However one of the society’s had no regulations against women so Elizabeth’s father threatened to sue them.

This forced the society to allow her to practice medicine.

The society changed their rules so that no new women could join

Question 29

Garrets achievements

Answer 29

She opened st Mary’s dispensary in 1866 to provide medical treatment for women

She taught herself french and moved to Paris where she gained a medical degree

The dispensary expanded and moved location it was renamed Elizabeth garret Anderson hospital in 1918 after she died

In 1908 she became T the first female mayor in England

Question 30

Other female doctors

Answer 30

Sophia Jex-blade led four other women to study medicine at Edinburgh university

They had tom pay additional fees

They were taught separately to men

Often harassed

Question 31

What did the 1876 act of parliament say

Answer 31

Universities and medical societies should accept women medical students and allow them to become doctors

Numbers remained low but there was still huge progress