Medicine Chapter 1

Question 1

4 humours

Answer 1

Blood
Yellow bile
Black. Bile
Phlegm

Question 2

Miasma

Answer 2

Disease was carried in unpleasant smells and harmful fumes in the air

Question 3

Spontaneous generation

Answer 3

Rotting material created maggots , flies and disease

Question 4

Why was there a lack of doctors knowledge in the mid 19th century

Answer 4

Most people were Christian and wanted to be buried so there weren’t many people who could be used for science

Less understanding of the human bodyb

Question 5

Factors affecting progress

Answer 5

Training
Funding
Beliefs
Technology

Question 6

Florence nightingale background

Answer 6

Born into wealthy family

Trained in Germany in 1851
In 1853 became superintendent in a small nursing home In london

Sidney Herbert asked Florence to go to Scutari with 38 nurses

Question 7

Conditions at Scutari

Answer 7

Man men sharing beds

Clothes infested with lice and fleas

Diseases such as typhoid were common

Many patients had diarrhoea

It was difficult to get enough medical supplies

Food was limited

Roof leaked

On top of a cesspool

Question 8

Nightingales actions

Answer 8

Scrubbed surfaces

Washed sheets,towels and bandages

Windows open for fresh air

Improved quality of food

Received a fund of money

Bought 200 towels , bandages , cutlery

Question 9

Impact of nightingales work

Answer 9

Lady with lamp nickname

Patients liked her a lot

Death rates were still higher until the government cleaned the drains and cesspool

Question 10

Crimean war date

Answer 10

1853

Question 11

Problem of pain

Answer 11

Pains reliefs before 1840s were alcohol , opium or getting knocked out

Patients would scream and move

Best surgeon was not the most skilled buy the fastest

Question 12

Blood loss and infection

Answer 12

Tourniquet was used to reduce the blood flow in the artery

High percentage of patients who survive surgery die from infection

Hygiene was poor

Operations take place in people homes or disgusting hospitals

Doctors wore old clothes with blood and pus all on them

Doctors would rarely wash their hands

Equipment was not sterilised

Lots of people in operating theatre meant more germs

Question 13

Chloroform inhaler

Answer 13

John snow made it in 1848 and it controlled chloroform dosage

Question 14

Use of ether

Answer 14

William Mortan found it in 1846

Robert Liston uses it during a leg amputation and it worked

Causes vomiting , liver pain

No guaranteed time it would take the patient to wake up

Question 15

Simpson and the use of chloroform

Answer 15

Did nit have side effects like ether

Used in 1847 for childbirth

Queen Victoria uses it in 1853

It was widely used

Statue of Simpson made

Question 16

Impact of chloroform

Answer 16

Christian church opposes because childbirth is meant to be painful

Many doctors opposed because they don’t know the effect it has on baby

Difficult to get the dose right

Many surgeons felt more confident

Question 17

Problem of infection

Answer 17

More time on. Surgeries because more pain relief

More complicated surgeries means deeper in the body

Surgeons bloody hands with puss and unclean equipment took germs deeper

Many patients got gangrene

Developed sepsis and died

Question 18

Living conditions in the mid 19th century

Answer 18

Houses in narrow dark streets

Contains hundreds of people

50 in a house

Houses were damp with lack of ventilation

Water collected by a local pump

Question 19

Killers diseases in mid 19th century

Answer 19

There was a vaccine for smallpox but most were not vaccinated

There was no way of preventing typhus and influenza

Led to so many deaths

Cholera was fast and could kill someone in a day

20,000 died between 1831-32

Question 20

Dealing with cholera

Answer 20

MPs discussed doing a a day of prayer to stop the outbreak

People were told to stay warm and clean

Affected poor

“Court cholera”

Many streets filthy

In Leeds 19 streets with no sewage system

Human faeces sold

Question 21

Edwin Chadwick and the 1848 public health act

Answer 21

Wanted tom improve sanitary and living conditions

He had little support at first until more cholera epidemics

The act states:

. General board of health
. Towns had local boards of health
. Medical officers
. 3 commissioners in charge

Question 22

Impact 0f 1848 public health act

Answer 22

Impact limited

Only lasted 5 years

Act did not force authorities so people ignored

Chadwick was arrogant and aggressive

Attitudes were slow to change

Question 23

John snow and the broad street pump

Answer 23

Another cholera epidemic in 1854

He investigated an outbreak in soho london

Discovered people who got the disease drunk from the same water pump

His theory was cholera spread in contaminated water

When people stopped drinking from the pump deaths stopped