Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 alkali metals

A

Lithium
Sodium
Potassium

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2
Q

Where are alkali metals found in the periodic table?

A

First vertical column

= s block metals

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3
Q

Describe the structure of alkali metals

A

Only 1 electron in their outer shell = outer electron of an s-orbital type
Low ionisation energy
Most compounds of group 1 elements tend to be ionic in nature

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4
Q

Which alkali metal has the greatest ionisation energy?

A

Lithium

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5
Q

Which alkali metal has the lowest ionisation energy

A

Francium

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6
Q

Which element has the lowest melting and boiling point?

A

Francium

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7
Q

Which element has the highest melting and boiling point?

A

Lithium

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8
Q

Which element has the greatest atomic radius?

A

Francium

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9
Q

What state are alkali metals found in?

A

As salts, not in elemental state

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10
Q

How are alkali metals extracted from salts?

A

Electrolysis starting from NaCl

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11
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

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12
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

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13
Q

Give an example of a reduction equation, oxidation equation and its overall redox reaction

A

Reduction: Fe –> Fe(2+) + 2e-
Oxidation: Cu(2+) –> Cu +2e-
Overall redox: Fe + Cu(2+) –> Fe(2+) + Cu

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14
Q

What does an increase of oxidation state imply about the gain or loss of electrons?

A

Increase in oxidation state = loss of electrons

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15
Q

What is the general reduction equation?

A

Oxidant + e- –> Product

i.e. gain of electrons

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16
Q

What is the general oxidation equation?

A

Reductant –> product +e-

i.e. loss of electrons

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17
Q

Describe 3 properties of alkali metals

A

Very reactive
Soft
Storage under oil or oxygen free atmosphere

18
Q

Name 2 industrial uses of lithium

A

Batteries

Glass manufacture

19
Q

Name 2 clinical uses of lithium

A

Manic depression

Bipolar disorder

20
Q

What form is lithium in so it can be taken orally?

A

Li2CO3 - least irritating to GI tract
Total dose of up to 30 mmol/day
Very narrow therapeutic index

21
Q

How does lithium act in the body?

A

Alters magnesium balance in blood and urine - Li+ displaces it
Lithium not soluble in lipids so will not cross plasma membrane
Exchange into cells by lithium-sodium counter-transport and anion exchange

22
Q

List 3 side effects of taking Lithium

A

Tremors - usually in fingers
Memory problems
Weight gain

23
Q

Why should NSAIDs and lithium not be taken concurrently?

A

NSAIDs cause reduced clearance of lithium through kidneys - lithium poisoning possible

24
Q

Why should diuretics and lithium not be taken concurrently?

A

Sodium depletion makes lithium toxicity worse = hazardous

25
Q

List 3 biological roles of sodium

A

Osmoregulation = maintenance of body fluids
Functioning of neurons and transmission of nerve impulses via build up of electrostatic potential across cell membranes
Passive transport mechanism

26
Q

Define: Osmosis

A

The physical process of diffusion of a solvent (water) through a semi-permeable membrane towards an area of high solute (salt) concentration
= Equalises the concentrations

27
Q

Define: Hypertonic solution

A

The solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the surrounding area
This area will gain water through osmosis

28
Q

Define: Isotonic solution

A

The solution has the same concentration of solutes as the surrounding area
No movement of water will occur

29
Q

Define: Hypotonic solution

A

The solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the surrounding area
This area will lose water through osmosis

30
Q

Define: Hypernatraemia

A

High plasma concentration of sodium

>145 mmol/L

31
Q

Name a consequence of hypernatraemia

A

CV disorders e.g. hypertension

32
Q

Define: Hyponatraemia

A

Low plasma concentration of sodium

Result of dysfunctional kidneys or sodium loss in bowels

33
Q

How does hyponatraemia harm the body?

A

Causes damage to the body via osmotic imbalances

34
Q

List 3 signs of sodium deficiency (hyponatraemia)

A

Low blood pressure
Dehydration
Muscle cramps

35
Q

List 3 symptoms of sodium overdose

A

Vomiting
Ulceration of GI tract
Renal damage

36
Q

How does potassium enable cell-cell communication?

A

Causes a short-lasting change of the membrane potential

37
Q

What are the 2 types of action potential that occur in animal cells?

A

Opening of calcium ion channels = longer lasting

Sodium/potassium-based action potential = shorter lasting

38
Q

Where is the sodium/potassium-based action potential found?

A

Mostly found in the brain and nerve cells

Because it is so short-lived

39
Q

Explain the Na+/K+ -based action potential

A

The osmotic balance between the cells and the interstitial fluid is altered
K+ concentration in and outside the cells is regulated by the Na+/K+-ATPase pump
3 Na+ ions are pumped outside the cell, 2K+ ions are actively transported into the cell using ATP
Therefore an electrochemical gradient over the cell membrane is created = resting potential

40
Q

List 2 symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A

Nausea and vomiting

41
Q

List 3 treatment options for acute hyperkalaemia

A

Diuretics
Dialysis
Calcium gluconate IV

42
Q

List 3 causes of hypokalaemia

A

Reduced potassium intake
Increased excretion
Diuretics treatment