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PM2A Spring Amy L > Infections IV: Prevention & The Role Of The Pharmacist > Flashcards

Infections IV: Prevention & The Role Of The Pharmacist Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 roles of the community pharmacist

A
  1. Education of the public
  2. Raise awareness, screening - STIs
  3. Needle and syringe programmes (NSPs)
  4. Screening and vaccinations (HPV, HepB, Flu)
  5. Pharmacy medicines
  6. Preparation of medicines
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2
Q

List 4 roles of a hospital pharmacist

A
  1. Ensure patients are vaccinated and healthy
  2. Antimicrobial stewardship
  3. Education of healthcare staff & MDT within the hospital setting
  4. Follow guidelines and best practice for healthcare workers
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3
Q

Define: Antiseptic

A

Kills/inhibits micro-organisms on living surfaces

Non-selective

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4
Q

Define: Disinfectant

A

Kills/inhibits micro-organisms on inanimate objects

Non-selective

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5
Q

Define: Sterilisation

A

Removal/killing of all micro-organisms (including spores)

Gold standard

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6
Q

Define: Disinfection

A

Killing/inhibition of pathogenic micro-organisms on a surface (not living)

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7
Q

Define: Antibiotics

A

Kill/inhibit micro-organisms on and in the body

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8
Q

Define: Antimicrobial stewardship

A

An overarching programme to change and direct antimicrobial use at a health care institution

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9
Q

What are the reasons for antimicrobial stewardship?

A

Lack of new antimicrobials coming onto the market
Strains developing resistance to existing antimicrobials
e.g. MRSA, CRE

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10
Q

How is antimicrobial stewardship carried out?

A

Reduction in total antimicrobial use
Improvement in susceptibility profiles of hospital pathogens
Improvement in clinical markers (decreased length of stay, mortality)
Increase in appropriate antimicrobial use (selection, dose, route, duration)

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11
Q

What does ‘Start Smart Then Focus’ mean?

A

START:
Don’t start ABx if no evidence of bacterial infection
Get cultures first
Document on drug charts and medical notes
Use guidelines for prompt, effective treatment

FOCUS:
Review every 48 hours with action plan
5 options - Stop/Switch (IV to oral)/Change/Continue/OPAT (out-patient)

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12
Q

Define: Asepsis

A

Free of pathogenic micro-organisms

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13
Q

Define: Antisepsis

A

Use of antiseptics to eliminate pathogenic organisms

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14
Q

Define: Aseptic techniques

A

Techniques to prevent infection

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15
Q

How can asepsis be achieved?

A 
Chemical = covered antibiotics, antisepsis, disinfectants
Physical = heat and radiation
Mechanical = filtration
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16
Q

List 3 ideal properties of a disinfectant

A

Sterilising
Fast-acting
Non-toxic to other life

17
Q

List the different levels of disinfection

A

Low
Intermediate
High

18
Q

Describe antiseptics

A 
Wide spectrum of activity (preferably biocidal)
Fast-acting
Stable
Non-toxic to other life
Active for a long period of time
19
Q

List 3 classes of disinfectant/antiseptic and give some examples

A 
Phenols = phenol, cresol, dettol
Alcohols = ethanol, isoprenalol
Halogens = iodine, chlorine, chlorophores
20
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of antiseptics/disinfectants?

A

Oxidation of protoplasm = H2O2, halogens
Denaturation of proteins and disruption to cell membrane = phenols, alcohols
Increased permeability = quaternary ammonium compounds

21
Q

Describe alcohols as disinfectants/antiseptics

A

Very effective
Broad-spectrum but not against spores
Precipitate bacterial proteins
Can be irritating for mucous membranes but can often be used on skin

22
Q

Describe Chlorhexidine (biguanide) as an antiseptic

A

Disrupts bacterial cell wall and denatures proteins
Non-irritating
Widely used in dentistry
Savlon (+ Cetrimide), Corsodyl

23
Q

Describe Iodine as an antiseptic

A

Broad-spectrum
Rapid antiseptic
Iodinates and oxidises protoplasm
But can burn/blister, be toxic and stain

24
Q

What is an iodophore?

A

Any disinfectant containing iodine and a surfactant

25
Q

Describe Chlorine (halogen) as an antiseptic/disinfectant

A

Potent germicide
Fast acting
Used in water supplies

26
Q

Describe Chlorophore as a disinfectant

A

Strong disinfectant
Strong oxidiser
Kills bacteria, fungi, viruses
Found in household bleach

27
Q

Describe hydrogen peroxide as a disinfectant

A

Strong oxidiser
Disinfectant
Liberates oxygen that oxidises and kills bacteria
Irritant
Can be used as vapour to disinfect hospitals

28
Q

Describe Phenols as disinfectants/antiseptics

A

Protoplasmic poisons - denature proteins
Disinfect e.g. urine, pus, faeces
BUT phenol is corrosive and irritant, damages skin/cells
e.g. Cresol (commonly used as a disinfectant)

29
Q

Describe Chloroxylenol (Dettol) as a disinfectant/antiseptic

A

Derivative of phenol
Broad-spectrum = bacteria, fungi, viruses
Disrupts cell membranes
Used as a disinfectant and antiseptic

30
Q

Describe TCP as an antiseptic

A

Mix of dilute phenol and halogenated phenols
Liquid antiseptic
Used diluted for sore throats (gargling), cuts, ulcers, mouthwash

31
Q

Describe Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as antiseptics/disinfectants

A

Broad-spectrum = bacteria, viruses, fungi
Alter membrane permeability
Often used for surface cleaning
e.g Cetrimide

32
Q

Describe aldehydes as disinfectants/antiseptics

A

Denature proteins, alkylate nucleic acids, protoplasmic toxin
Kills bacteria, viruses and spores
Very toxic - used for fumigation

33
Q

List 2 physical methods of sterilisation

A
  1. Heat - dry (kills by oxidation) or moist (kills by denaturation)
  2. Radiation - ionising (X-ray, gamma = sterilising) and non-ionising (UV = disinfecting)
34
Q

How does mechanical filtration work sterilise?

A

Air or liquids

Small pores remove micro-organisms = sterile

35
Q

Describe the conditions of steam to sterilise

A

Autoclave
121C
20 minutes

36
Q

Describe the conditions of dry heat to sterilise

A

171C

1 hour in dry oven

37
Q

List 4 examples of personal protective equipment (PPE)

A
  1. Aprons
  2. Gloves
  3. Masks
  4. Overshoes

PM2A Spring Amy L (15 decks)

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