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PM2A Spring Amy L > Infections II: Bacterial Infections, Antibacterial Agents & Mechanism of Action > Flashcards

Infections II: Bacterial Infections, Antibacterial Agents & Mechanism of Action Flashcards

1
Q

What are antibiotics also known as?

A

Antibacterial drugs

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2
Q

Define: Antibiotics/Antibacterial drugs

A

Drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria

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3
Q

Define: Bacterial infection

A

An infection caused by a bacterium

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4
Q

List 3 symptoms of bacterial and viral infection

A
  1. Malaise
  2. Fever
  3. Chills
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5
Q

What should antibiotics not be prescribed to treat?

A

Viral infections

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a gram postive bacterium

A

Simple structure

Peptidoglycan (50%) and cell membrane

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7
Q

Describe the structure of a gram negative bacterium

A

More complex structure than gram positive
Cell membrane - Periplasmic space - Peptidoglycan - Outer membrane layer containing phospholipids and complex polysacchardies (e.g. lipo-)

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8
Q

What does AMR stand for?

A

Antimicrobial resistance

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9
Q

Define: Bacteriostatic

A

A biological or chemical agent which prevents the bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily killing them
So prevents growth of bacteria and keeps them in stationary phase

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10
Q

Define: Bactericidal

A

Kills the bacteria

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11
Q

Give 2 examples of bacteriostatic drugs

A

Chloramphenicol

Erythromycin

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of bactericidal drugs

A

Beta-lactams

Metronidazole

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13
Q

How do tetracyclines and macrolides work?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

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14
Q

How do metronidazole and fluoroquinolones work?

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis

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15
Q

How do sulphonamides and trimethoprim work?

A

Inhibit folic acid synthesis
Carry out important functions within the cell
(Synthesise, repair and methylate DNA)
Used to treats UTIs and eye infections

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16
Q

How do rifampicin and macrocyclines wok?

A

Inhibit RNA synthesis

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17
Q

Name 2 drugs that interferes with the synthesis or action of folate/folic acid

A

Trimethoprim
Sulphonamides
Work well together - they inhibit the same metabolic pathway at different levels

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18
Q

List 3 unwanted effects that trimethoprim can have

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Folate deficiency, with resultant megaloblastic anaemia - can be prevented by giving folic acid

19
Q

Name 2 uses of trimethoprim

A

UTIs

Respiratory infections

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim?

A

Folate antagonist

21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulphonamides?

A

Competition with PABA = essential precursor in folic acid synthesis in bacteria
Bacteriostatic

22
Q

List 3 unwanted effects of sulphonamides

A

Allergic reaction
Nausea
Headaches

23
Q

Name 2 sulphonamides

A

Sulphanilamide

Sulphadiazine

24
Q

Describe the basic chemical structure of sulphonamides

A

H2N
Benzene ring
O=S=O
NHR

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of penicillin (beta-lactam antibiotics)?

A

Interfere with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan
Bactericidal

26
Q

List 2 unwanted effects of penicillin

A

Mostly allergic reactions = rash, fever, anaphylactic shock

GI disturbances

27
Q

Name 3 penicillins and their uses

A 
Flucloxacillin = bone and joint infections, skin and soft tissue infection
Amoxicillin = bronchitis, pneumonia
Benzylpenicillin = more severe infections e.g. bacterial meningitis and skin and soft tissue infection
28
Q

How do beta lactam antibiotics work?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

29
Q

Name 3 examples of beta lactam antibiotics

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporins

A

Interfere with bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis after binding to the B-lactam-binding proteins

31
Q

List 3 unwanted effects from cephalosporins

A

Allergic reaction
Nephrotoxicity
Diarrhoea

32
Q

List 3 clinical uses of cephalosporins

A

Septicaemia
Meningitis
UTI

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

Bacteriostatic

34
Q

List 3 unwanted effects of tetracyclines

A

GI disturbances
Hepatotoxicity
Staining growing teeth

35
Q

Name 2 tetracyclines

A

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

36
Q

Name 2 clinical uses of tetracyclines

A

Chlamydia

Lyme disease

37
Q

List 3 classes of drug which work by affecting bacterial protein synthesis

A

Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides

38
Q

Name a clinical use of chloramphenicol

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis (topical)

39
Q

What are aminoglycosides used to treat?

A

Many gram negative, some gram positive

Sepsis

40
Q

Name 2 aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin

Streptomycin

41
Q

What are macrolides used to treat?

A

Same spectrum as penicillins

Safe alternative to penicillins

42
Q

Name 2 macrolides

A

Erythromycin

Clarythromycin

43
Q

Name 2 clinical uses of quinolones and fluoroquinolones

A

Complicated UTIs

Gonorrhoea

44
Q

Name 2 classes of drug which target the bacterial cell wall or membrane

A

Glycopeptides - inhibits cell wall synthesis

Polymyxins - disrupt bacterial cell membrane

PM2A Spring Amy L (15 decks)

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