Medical Terminology Ch 3 Flashcards
gastroenterology
medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system
alimentary canal
aliment/o- food; nourishment
another name for the gastrointestinal system
digestive system
another name for the gastrointestinal system
gastrointestinal system (GI)
structures include: oral cavity (teeth, tongue, gums, hard palate, soft palate), salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm and lg intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
(digests food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste materials)
larynx
laryng/o- larynx, voice box
glott/o- glottis of the larynx
structure below the pharynx. closed during the swallowing when the muscles in the neck pull it up to the epiglottis, a lid-like structure, so that swallowed food particles go into the esophagus and stomach
mucosa
mucos/o- mucous membrane
mucous membrane that produces thin mucus. it lines the oral cavity and the entire gastrointestinal system
oral cavity
or/o- mouth
stomat/o- mouth
mouth. hollow area that contains the teeth, gums, tongue, hard palate, and soft palate
palate
hard palate (bone) and soft palate (posterior soft tissue) form the roof of the oral cavity. the soft palate ends in the fleshy, hanging uvula. the soft palate and uvula sense the presence of food particles in the posterior oral cavity just before they are swallowed.
pharynx
pharyng/o- pharynx; throat
nas/o- nose
or/o- mouth
laryng/o- larynx; voice box
throat. a passageway for food particles and air. between the oral cavity and the esophagus. includes the nasopharynx (posterior to the nasal cavity), the oropharynx (posterior to the oral cavity), and the laryngopharynx (posterior to the larynx)
salivary glands
saliv/o- saliva
three pairs of glands (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular) on either side of the head; they release saliva into the oral cavity. saliva moistens food particles and contains the digestive enzyme amylase
tongue
gloss/o-, lingu/o- tongue
gustat/o- sense of taste
large muscle that fills the oral cavity and assists with eating and talking. it contains receptors for the sense of taste. the gustatory cortex in the brain receives sensory information about taste from receptors on the tongue
cardia
first part of the stomach where the stomach joins the esophagus
chyme
semisolid mixture of food particles, saliva, and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestines
esophagus
esophag/o- esophagus
flexible tube approximately 10 inches in length that connects the pharynx to the stomach. it contains the lower esophageal sphincter
fundus
rounded, top par of the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
sphinct/o- close tightly
muscular ring at the distal end of the esophagus. it keeps chyme in the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus
pyloric sphincter
pylor/o- pylorus
muscular ring at the distal end of the esophagus. it closes to keep chyme in the stomach or opens to let chyme flow into the duodenum
pylorus
pylor/o- pylorus
narrowed, last part of the stomach where it joins the duodenum. it contains the pyloric sphincter
rugae
thick, deep folds in the gastric mucosa that expand to accommodate a large amount of swallowed food particles
stomach
gastr/o- stomach
large, elongated sac in the upper abdominal cavity. it is between the esophagus and the sm intestines. regions of the stomach; cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus. rugae are thick, deep folds in the mucosa that allow the stomach to expand
anus
an/o- anus
external opening of the rectum. the anal sphincter is under voluntary control
appendix
appendic/o- appendix
append/o- small structure hanging from a larger structure
long, thin pouch on the exterior wall of the cecum. it contains lymphoid tissue and is part of the immune response; it does not play a role in digestion
cecum
cec/o- cecum
ile/o- ileum
short sac that is the first part of the large intestine. it contains the ileocecal valve that keeps waste materials and water from flowing back into the ileum from the large intestine. the appendix is attached to the cecum’s external wall
colon
second and longest part of the lg intestine. it includes the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and s-shaped sigmoid colon
duodenum
duoden/o- duodenum
the 10 inch, c shaped, first part of the sm intestine. it is between the stomach and the jejunum
ileum
ile/o- ileum
third and final part of the sm intestine. it is 12 ft long and is located between the jejunum and the cecum of the lg intestine.
jejunum
jejun/o- jejunum
second part of the sm intestine. it is an 8 ft coiled segment between the duodenum and the ileum.
haustra
puckered pouches in the intestinal wall that expand to receive large amounts of waste materials
lg intestine
large, tubular structure in the abdominopelvic cavity. it is about 5 ft in length and is located between the sm intestine and the anus. the LG intestine includes the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. aka the large bowel.
lumen
central, open area inside a tubular structure such as the esophagus, sm intestine, and LG intestine
rectum
rect/o- rectum
proct/o- rectum and anus
short, straight segment that is the last part of the LG intestine. it is between the sigmoid colon and the outside of the body
villi
thousands of microscopic, thin structures in the mucosa that project into the lumen of the small intestine. they increase the surface area to maximize absorption of digested nutrients and water from the small intestine and water from the small intestine
bile
bil/i- bile; gall
bili/o- bile; gall
thick, yellow-green digestive enzyme produced by the liver; it flows through the bile ducts and is stored in the gallbladder. it contains bile acids, the yellow pigment bilirubin, and the green pigment biliverdin
mastication
to cut and mash food with the teeth
deglutition
swallowing
peristalisis
waves of muscular contractions of the intestinal wall
defecation
the act of having a bowel movement (BM)
undigested materials are eliminated from the body
amylase
enzyme
located in the salivary glands, oral cavity, pancreas, secreted into small intestine
transforms starch in carbohydrates to sugar
hydrochloric acid
acid located in stomach
kills microorganisms and helps create pepsin
pepsin
enzyme located in the stomach
breaks down proteins
lipase
enzyme located in the pancreas and secreted into the sm intestine
breaks down fats
gastrointestinal tract
the path from the stomach through the intestines
alimentary canal
the intestinal tube
aliment/o-
nourishment
-pepsia
pepsia
digestion
dyspepsia
bad digestion
heartburn
acid indigestion
-ase
enzyme
glycogen/o-
starch
glycogenesis
amyl/o-
starch
amylase
gluc/o-
glyc/o-
sugar
-globin
globin
heme-containing globular proteins
absorption
absorpt/o-
movement of nutrients into the blood
emulsification
breaking down of fat by bile
or/o-
stom/o-
stomat/o-
-stomy
mouth
sial/o-
saliv/o-
saliva
sialaden/o-
salivary gland
lingu/o-
gloss/o-
tongue
pharyng/o-
throat
divided into 3 areas:
laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
esophag/o-
esophagus
connects the pharynx to the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
a ring-like muscle at the junction of the esophagus and stomach
aka: cardiac sphincter
omentum
a large, fatty flap of tissue that helps to support the stomach and protect the intestines
fecalith
stone made of feces.
common problem in the elderly who dont drink enough fluids to keep the intestinal tract hydrated.
usually requires surgery.
appendicitis
fecal matter gets trapped in the appendix and putrefies
results in infection and appendicitis
peritoneum
peritone/o- around
peri- around
tone/o- stretch
lines the abdominopelvic cavity and anchors the internal organs to the walls of the cavity to keep them in their proper place
biliary tree
the duct system through which bile travels
pancreas
produces lipase that enters the duodenum when needed and also releases insulin
pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland
cholecyst/o-
gallbladder
bil/i
chol/e
gall
bile
(one of the rare instances where the CV ‘o’ is not used)
choleangi/o-
bile ducts
choledoch/o-
the common bile duct
lith/o-
stone
cholelith/o-
bile stone
proctologist
specialist that deals with diseases and problems of the GI tract
ulcers
open sores or lesions of the mucous membranes
most occur in stomach and duodenum causing peptic ulcer disease
major cause= bacterial infection by H. pylori
types: perforated, chronic, acute, hemorrhagic
diverticula
small pouch-like herniations in the intestinal wall. the most common location is the sigmoid colon. may be due to a highly refined, low fiber diet that allows bacteria to build up due to slow movement of intestinal contents. the bacteria may break down the intestinal wall. can become inflamed causing diverticulitis, the acute phase, or diverticulosis, the chronic phase
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips (chapped lips)
stomatitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
gastritis
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
sialolithiasis
the condition of having stones in the salivary gland or salivary ducts
esophageal varices
varices are enlarged veins. varices from in the wall of the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
small amounts of stomach contents back up into the esophagus
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
peptic ulcer
an erosion of the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum
intussusception
a condition where one part of the intestine telescopes over another part
volvulus
a twisting or knotting of a portion of the intestines
colic
intestinal cramping and pain
usually in babies
dysentery
an intestinal bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea
celiac disease
an allergy to gluten that causes pain, cramps, and diarrhea when gluten is consumed
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
chronic inflammation of the intestines that may lead to ulceration, pain, obstruction, and other problems
crohn’s disease
ulcerative colitis
crohn’s disease
inflammation of the GI tract that can affect any part of the intestines and can be named for the area inflamed. chronic relapsing disease.
ulcerative colitis
results in ulcers and inflammation of the colon. chronic recurrent disease characterized by bloody diarrhea. number one chronic disease of teenagers, possibly due to stress and poor diet.
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
a group of symptoms, such as diarrhea, constipation, or pain that can occur individually or together. may be stress related. also called spastic colon.
hemorrhoids
engorged veins around the anus and rectum due to the pressure exerted during a bowel movement
rectocele
loss of form of the rectal wall such that it pushes against the vagina
constipation
the inability to move fecal material through the colon for elimination
obstipation
sever constipation that may lead to obstruction
diarrhea
loose bowel
flatulence
a greater than normal amount of gas in the GI tract
hematochezia
bright red rectal bleeding
-chezia = to go to stool
melena
black tarry stools
steatorrhea
stool which contains a large amount of fat
Hernia
a rupture and protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through an abdominal opening (orifice) in the structure in which it is contained
hiatal hernia
a rupture of the diaphragm such that a portion of the stomach moves into the thoracic cavity
umbilical hernia
a rupture at the umbilicus with the contents usually being intestines
ventral hernia
anywhere on the front of the abdomen
inguinal hernia
in the groin and can involve a portion of the intestines moving into the scrotum
incisional hernia
anywhere along the sutures of a surgical incision
hernial orifice
composed of layers of the body cavity (muscle, ligaments, aponeurosis or scar tissue). hernia is classified based on the location of the orifice (inguinal, hiatal, umbilical)
hernial sac
covers the hernia and usually consists of glistening peritoneum. size of the sac related to size of hernia. sac may incorporate a portion of an abdominal organ into the sac wall resulting in a sliding hernia
hernial contents
may include one or more abdominal organs. most common are the omentum and small bowel. repositioning the contents requires dissecting them free from the hernial sac. peritoneal fluid makes the contents of the sac slippery. inflammation, incarceration or necrosis can cause abdominal contents to adhere to hernia
adhesions
fibrous strands of scar tissue after surgery binds surfaces that should be normally separate
ascites
large accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum. can happen after some perforation of the peritoneum or rupture of a diseased organ.
cirrhosis
a chronic degenerative disease of the liver causing the liver to enlarge, lose function, and eventually fail
jaundice
release of bilirubin into the bloodstream causing yellowing of the eyes and skin
hepatitis
an infection that causes inflammation of the liver and can be caused by a virus. hepatitis A, B, C, and more
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver caused by a variety of diseases
liver cancer
can be a primary tumor that originates in the liver or a cancer that has spread to the liver from somewhere else
cholangitis
inflammation of the bile ducts, occurring in various forms of hepatitis
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder wall. usually caused by obstruction of the bile ducts by gallstones
cholelithiasis
the presence or formation of gallstones
laparoscopic surgery
the introduction of a scope through incisions (called ports) into the abdomen.
stool guaiac
a test to detect hidden, occult blood in the stool. a screening for colon cancer.
barium swallow
swallowing of contrast material, usually barium, as x-rays are taken of the esophagus
barium enema
an x-ray of the rectum and colon after the insertion of the contrast barium and sometimes air
cholangiography
an x-ray of the bile duct by injection of dye or contrast material directly into the duct. most often done during surgery and is called an OR cholangiogram
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
fiberoptic exam of the biliary ductal system
nasogastric (NG) tube insertion
tube that goes through the nose to the stomach for the purpose of withdrawing or inserting fluids
abdominocentesis
the process of inserting a needle into the abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid
biopsy
the sampling of tissue to test it for disease
bowel resection and anastomosis
when a diseased portion of the bowel is cut out and the two ends of healthy bowel that remain are joined together to make an intact GI tract
GI endoscopy
the use of a flexible fiber optic or rigid tube for visualization of parts of the GI tract
-rrhaphy
a surgical suture repair
-plasty
a surgical (plastic) repair
ABD
abdomen
a.c.
before meals (latin, ante cibum)
ALP
alkaline phosphatase
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
BE
barium enema
BRBPR
bright red blood per rectum
BS
bowel sounds
CBD
common bile duct
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
HAV
hepatitis A virus
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HCI
hydrochloric acid
HCV
hepatitis C virus
IVC
intravenous cholangiography
LES
lower esophageal sphincter
LFTs
liver function tests
N&V
nausea and vomiting
NPO
nothing by mouth (latin, nil per os)
OCG
oral cholecystography
O&P
ova and parasites
p.c.
after meals (latin, post cibum)
PEG
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
PEJ
percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy
PO
by mouth (latin, per os)
PTC
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
SGOT
serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (older name for ALT)
gustatory cortex
(in brain) receives sensory information about taste from receptors on the tongue
mesentery
a thick fan-shaped sheet that supports loops of the jejunum and ileum
part of the peritoneum
cholecystokinin
hormone produced by the duodenum when it receives fatty chyme from the stomach. it stimulates the gallbladder to release bile, and it also stimulates the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes into the duodenum
gastrin
hormone produced by the stomach. it stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
glucose
simple sugar that is the only source of energy that body cells can use
intrinsic factor
substance produced by the stomach. it helps the stomach absorb vitamin b12 from foods
lactase
digestive enzyme produced by the small intestine. it breaks down complex sugar molecules and the sugar in milk to the simple sugar glucose
mechanical digestion
digestive process that involves some type of physical force and movement. it includes mastication, deglutition, and peristalsis.
chemical digestion
digestive process that involves digestive enzymes, acids, and other substances to chemically break down food. includes emulsification
pepsinogen
inactive substance produced by the stomach. it is converted by hydrochloric acid to the digestive enzyme pepsin
obstipation
sever, unrelieved constipation that can cause a bowel obstruction
constip/o-
compacted feces
obstip/o-
sever constipation
flatul/o-
flatus; gas
