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Medical Terminology > Medical Terminology Ch 3 > Flashcards

Medical Terminology Ch 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

gastroenterology

A

medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system

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2
Q

alimentary canal

A

aliment/o- food; nourishment

another name for the gastrointestinal system

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3
Q

digestive system

A

another name for the gastrointestinal system

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4
Q

gastrointestinal system (GI)

A

structures include: oral cavity (teeth, tongue, gums, hard palate, soft palate), salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm and lg intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
(digests food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste materials)

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5
Q

larynx

A

laryng/o- larynx, voice box
glott/o- glottis of the larynx

structure below the pharynx. closed during the swallowing when the muscles in the neck pull it up to the epiglottis, a lid-like structure, so that swallowed food particles go into the esophagus and stomach

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6
Q

mucosa

A

mucos/o- mucous membrane

mucous membrane that produces thin mucus. it lines the oral cavity and the entire gastrointestinal system

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7
Q

oral cavity

A

or/o- mouth
stomat/o- mouth

mouth. hollow area that contains the teeth, gums, tongue, hard palate, and soft palate

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8
Q

palate

A

hard palate (bone) and soft palate (posterior soft tissue) form the roof of the oral cavity. the soft palate ends in the fleshy, hanging uvula. the soft palate and uvula sense the presence of food particles in the posterior oral cavity just before they are swallowed.

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9
Q

pharynx

A

pharyng/o- pharynx; throat
nas/o- nose
or/o- mouth
laryng/o- larynx; voice box

throat. a passageway for food particles and air. between the oral cavity and the esophagus. includes the nasopharynx (posterior to the nasal cavity), the oropharynx (posterior to the oral cavity), and the laryngopharynx (posterior to the larynx)

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10
Q

salivary glands

A

saliv/o- saliva

three pairs of glands (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular) on either side of the head; they release saliva into the oral cavity. saliva moistens food particles and contains the digestive enzyme amylase

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11
Q

tongue

A

gloss/o-, lingu/o- tongue
gustat/o- sense of taste

large muscle that fills the oral cavity and assists with eating and talking. it contains receptors for the sense of taste. the gustatory cortex in the brain receives sensory information about taste from receptors on the tongue

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12
Q

cardia

A

first part of the stomach where the stomach joins the esophagus

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13
Q

chyme

A

semisolid mixture of food particles, saliva, and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestines

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14
Q

esophagus

A

esophag/o- esophagus

flexible tube approximately 10 inches in length that connects the pharynx to the stomach. it contains the lower esophageal sphincter

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15
Q

fundus

A

rounded, top par of the stomach

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16
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

sphinct/o- close tightly

muscular ring at the distal end of the esophagus. it keeps chyme in the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus

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17
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

pylor/o- pylorus

muscular ring at the distal end of the esophagus. it closes to keep chyme in the stomach or opens to let chyme flow into the duodenum

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18
Q

pylorus

A

pylor/o- pylorus

narrowed, last part of the stomach where it joins the duodenum. it contains the pyloric sphincter

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19
Q

rugae

A

thick, deep folds in the gastric mucosa that expand to accommodate a large amount of swallowed food particles

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20
Q

stomach

A

gastr/o- stomach

large, elongated sac in the upper abdominal cavity. it is between the esophagus and the sm intestines. regions of the stomach; cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus. rugae are thick, deep folds in the mucosa that allow the stomach to expand

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21
Q

anus

A

an/o- anus

external opening of the rectum. the anal sphincter is under voluntary control

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22
Q

appendix

A

appendic/o- appendix
append/o- small structure hanging from a larger structure

long, thin pouch on the exterior wall of the cecum. it contains lymphoid tissue and is part of the immune response; it does not play a role in digestion

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23
Q

cecum

A

cec/o- cecum
ile/o- ileum

short sac that is the first part of the large intestine. it contains the ileocecal valve that keeps waste materials and water from flowing back into the ileum from the large intestine. the appendix is attached to the cecum’s external wall

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24
Q

colon

A

second and longest part of the lg intestine. it includes the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and s-shaped sigmoid colon

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25
Q

duodenum

A

duoden/o- duodenum

the 10 inch, c shaped, first part of the sm intestine. it is between the stomach and the jejunum

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26
Q

ileum

A

ile/o- ileum

third and final part of the sm intestine. it is 12 ft long and is located between the jejunum and the cecum of the lg intestine.

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27
Q

jejunum

A

jejun/o- jejunum

second part of the sm intestine. it is an 8 ft coiled segment between the duodenum and the ileum.

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28
Q

haustra

A

puckered pouches in the intestinal wall that expand to receive large amounts of waste materials

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29
Q

lg intestine

A

large, tubular structure in the abdominopelvic cavity. it is about 5 ft in length and is located between the sm intestine and the anus. the LG intestine includes the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. aka the large bowel.

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30
Q

lumen

A

central, open area inside a tubular structure such as the esophagus, sm intestine, and LG intestine

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31
Q

rectum

A

rect/o- rectum
proct/o- rectum and anus

short, straight segment that is the last part of the LG intestine. it is between the sigmoid colon and the outside of the body

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32
Q

villi

A

thousands of microscopic, thin structures in the mucosa that project into the lumen of the small intestine. they increase the surface area to maximize absorption of digested nutrients and water from the small intestine and water from the small intestine

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33
Q

bile

A

bil/i- bile; gall
bili/o- bile; gall

thick, yellow-green digestive enzyme produced by the liver; it flows through the bile ducts and is stored in the gallbladder. it contains bile acids, the yellow pigment bilirubin, and the green pigment biliverdin

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34
Q

mastication

A

to cut and mash food with the teeth

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35
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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36
Q

peristalisis

A

waves of muscular contractions of the intestinal wall

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37
Q

defecation

A

the act of having a bowel movement (BM)

undigested materials are eliminated from the body

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38
Q

amylase

A

enzyme
located in the salivary glands, oral cavity, pancreas, secreted into small intestine

transforms starch in carbohydrates to sugar

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39
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

acid located in stomach

kills microorganisms and helps create pepsin

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40
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme located in the stomach

breaks down proteins

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41
Q

lipase

A

enzyme located in the pancreas and secreted into the sm intestine

breaks down fats

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42
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

the path from the stomach through the intestines

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43
Q

alimentary canal

A

the intestinal tube

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44
Q

aliment/o-

A

nourishment

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45
Q

-pepsia

pepsia

A

digestion

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46
Q

dyspepsia

A

bad digestion
heartburn
acid indigestion

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47
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

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48
Q

glycogen/o-

A

starch

glycogenesis

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49
Q

amyl/o-

A

starch

amylase

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50
Q

gluc/o-

glyc/o-

A

sugar

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51
Q

-globin

globin

A

heme-containing globular proteins

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52
Q

absorption

A

absorpt/o-

movement of nutrients into the blood

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53
Q

emulsification

A

breaking down of fat by bile

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54
Q

or/o-
stom/o-
stomat/o-
-stomy

A

mouth

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55
Q

sial/o-

saliv/o-

A

saliva

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56
Q

sialaden/o-

A

salivary gland

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57
Q

lingu/o-

gloss/o-

A

tongue

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58
Q

pharyng/o-

A

throat

divided into 3 areas:
laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx

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59
Q

esophag/o-

A

esophagus

connects the pharynx to the stomach

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60
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

a ring-like muscle at the junction of the esophagus and stomach

aka: cardiac sphincter

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61
Q

omentum

A

a large, fatty flap of tissue that helps to support the stomach and protect the intestines

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62
Q

fecalith

A

stone made of feces.
common problem in the elderly who dont drink enough fluids to keep the intestinal tract hydrated.
usually requires surgery.

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63
Q

appendicitis

A

fecal matter gets trapped in the appendix and putrefies

results in infection and appendicitis

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64
Q

peritoneum

A

peritone/o- around
peri- around
tone/o- stretch

lines the abdominopelvic cavity and anchors the internal organs to the walls of the cavity to keep them in their proper place

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65
Q

biliary tree

A

the duct system through which bile travels

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66
Q

pancreas

A

produces lipase that enters the duodenum when needed and also releases insulin

pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland

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67
Q

cholecyst/o-

A

gallbladder

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68
Q

bil/i

chol/e

A

gall
bile

(one of the rare instances where the CV ‘o’ is not used)

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69
Q

choleangi/o-

A

bile ducts

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70
Q

choledoch/o-

A

the common bile duct

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71
Q

lith/o-

A

stone

72
Q

cholelith/o-

A

bile stone

73
Q

proctologist

A

specialist that deals with diseases and problems of the GI tract

74
Q

ulcers

A

open sores or lesions of the mucous membranes

most occur in stomach and duodenum causing peptic ulcer disease

major cause= bacterial infection by H. pylori

types: perforated, chronic, acute, hemorrhagic

75
Q

diverticula

A

small pouch-like herniations in the intestinal wall. the most common location is the sigmoid colon. may be due to a highly refined, low fiber diet that allows bacteria to build up due to slow movement of intestinal contents. the bacteria may break down the intestinal wall. can become inflamed causing diverticulitis, the acute phase, or diverticulosis, the chronic phase

76
Q

cheilitis

A

inflammation of the lips (chapped lips)

77
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth

78
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of the esophagus

79
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

80
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

81
Q

sialolithiasis

A

the condition of having stones in the salivary gland or salivary ducts

82
Q

esophageal varices

A

varices are enlarged veins. varices from in the wall of the esophagus

83
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

small amounts of stomach contents back up into the esophagus

84
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

85
Q

peptic ulcer

A

an erosion of the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum

86
Q

intussusception

A

a condition where one part of the intestine telescopes over another part

87
Q

volvulus

A

a twisting or knotting of a portion of the intestines

88
Q

colic

A

intestinal cramping and pain

usually in babies

89
Q

dysentery

A

an intestinal bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea

90
Q

celiac disease

A

an allergy to gluten that causes pain, cramps, and diarrhea when gluten is consumed

91
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

chronic inflammation of the intestines that may lead to ulceration, pain, obstruction, and other problems

crohn’s disease
ulcerative colitis

92
Q

crohn’s disease

A

inflammation of the GI tract that can affect any part of the intestines and can be named for the area inflamed. chronic relapsing disease.

93
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

results in ulcers and inflammation of the colon. chronic recurrent disease characterized by bloody diarrhea. number one chronic disease of teenagers, possibly due to stress and poor diet.

94
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

a group of symptoms, such as diarrhea, constipation, or pain that can occur individually or together. may be stress related. also called spastic colon.

95
Q

hemorrhoids

A

engorged veins around the anus and rectum due to the pressure exerted during a bowel movement

96
Q

rectocele

A

loss of form of the rectal wall such that it pushes against the vagina

97
Q

constipation

A

the inability to move fecal material through the colon for elimination

98
Q

obstipation

A

sever constipation that may lead to obstruction

99
Q

diarrhea

A

loose bowel

100
Q

flatulence

A

a greater than normal amount of gas in the GI tract

101
Q

hematochezia

A

bright red rectal bleeding

-chezia = to go to stool

102
Q

melena

A

black tarry stools

103
Q

steatorrhea

A

stool which contains a large amount of fat

104
Q

Hernia

A

a rupture and protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through an abdominal opening (orifice) in the structure in which it is contained

105
Q

hiatal hernia

A

a rupture of the diaphragm such that a portion of the stomach moves into the thoracic cavity

106
Q

umbilical hernia

A

a rupture at the umbilicus with the contents usually being intestines

107
Q

ventral hernia

A

anywhere on the front of the abdomen

108
Q

inguinal hernia

A

in the groin and can involve a portion of the intestines moving into the scrotum

109
Q

incisional hernia

A

anywhere along the sutures of a surgical incision

110
Q

hernial orifice

A

composed of layers of the body cavity (muscle, ligaments, aponeurosis or scar tissue). hernia is classified based on the location of the orifice (inguinal, hiatal, umbilical)

111
Q

hernial sac

A

covers the hernia and usually consists of glistening peritoneum. size of the sac related to size of hernia. sac may incorporate a portion of an abdominal organ into the sac wall resulting in a sliding hernia

112
Q

hernial contents

A

may include one or more abdominal organs. most common are the omentum and small bowel. repositioning the contents requires dissecting them free from the hernial sac. peritoneal fluid makes the contents of the sac slippery. inflammation, incarceration or necrosis can cause abdominal contents to adhere to hernia

113
Q

adhesions

A

fibrous strands of scar tissue after surgery binds surfaces that should be normally separate

114
Q

ascites

A

large accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

115
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum. can happen after some perforation of the peritoneum or rupture of a diseased organ.

116
Q

cirrhosis

A

a chronic degenerative disease of the liver causing the liver to enlarge, lose function, and eventually fail

117
Q

jaundice

A

release of bilirubin into the bloodstream causing yellowing of the eyes and skin

118
Q

hepatitis

A

an infection that causes inflammation of the liver and can be caused by a virus. hepatitis A, B, C, and more

119
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver caused by a variety of diseases

120
Q

liver cancer

A

can be a primary tumor that originates in the liver or a cancer that has spread to the liver from somewhere else

121
Q

cholangitis

A

inflammation of the bile ducts, occurring in various forms of hepatitis

122
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder wall. usually caused by obstruction of the bile ducts by gallstones

123
Q

cholelithiasis

A

the presence or formation of gallstones

124
Q

laparoscopic surgery

A

the introduction of a scope through incisions (called ports) into the abdomen.

125
Q

stool guaiac

A

a test to detect hidden, occult blood in the stool. a screening for colon cancer.

126
Q

barium swallow

A

swallowing of contrast material, usually barium, as x-rays are taken of the esophagus

127
Q

barium enema

A

an x-ray of the rectum and colon after the insertion of the contrast barium and sometimes air

128
Q

cholangiography

A

an x-ray of the bile duct by injection of dye or contrast material directly into the duct. most often done during surgery and is called an OR cholangiogram

129
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

fiberoptic exam of the biliary ductal system

130
Q

nasogastric (NG) tube insertion

A

tube that goes through the nose to the stomach for the purpose of withdrawing or inserting fluids

131
Q

abdominocentesis

A

the process of inserting a needle into the abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid

132
Q

biopsy

A

the sampling of tissue to test it for disease

133
Q

bowel resection and anastomosis

A

when a diseased portion of the bowel is cut out and the two ends of healthy bowel that remain are joined together to make an intact GI tract

134
Q

GI endoscopy

A

the use of a flexible fiber optic or rigid tube for visualization of parts of the GI tract

135
Q

-rrhaphy

A

a surgical suture repair

136
Q

-plasty

A

a surgical (plastic) repair

137
Q

ABD

A

abdomen

138
Q

a.c.

A

before meals (latin, ante cibum)

139
Q

ALP

A

alkaline phosphatase

140
Q

ALT

A

alanine aminotransferase

141
Q

BE

A

barium enema

142
Q

BRBPR

A

bright red blood per rectum

143
Q

BS

A

bowel sounds

144
Q

CBD

A

common bile duct

145
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

146
Q

HAV

A

hepatitis A virus

147
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus

148
Q

HCI

A

hydrochloric acid

149
Q

HCV

A

hepatitis C virus

150
Q

IVC

A

intravenous cholangiography

151
Q

LES

A

lower esophageal sphincter

152
Q

LFTs

A

liver function tests

153
Q

N&V

A

nausea and vomiting

154
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth (latin, nil per os)

155
Q

OCG

A

oral cholecystography

156
Q

O&P

A

ova and parasites

157
Q

p.c.

A

after meals (latin, post cibum)

158
Q

PEG

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

159
Q

PEJ

A

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy

160
Q

PO

A

by mouth (latin, per os)

161
Q

PTC

A

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

162
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

163
Q

SGOT

A

serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (older name for ALT)

164
Q

gustatory cortex

A

(in brain) receives sensory information about taste from receptors on the tongue

165
Q

mesentery

A

a thick fan-shaped sheet that supports loops of the jejunum and ileum
part of the peritoneum

166
Q

cholecystokinin

A

hormone produced by the duodenum when it receives fatty chyme from the stomach. it stimulates the gallbladder to release bile, and it also stimulates the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes into the duodenum

167
Q

gastrin

A

hormone produced by the stomach. it stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

168
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar that is the only source of energy that body cells can use

169
Q

intrinsic factor

A

substance produced by the stomach. it helps the stomach absorb vitamin b12 from foods

170
Q

lactase

A

digestive enzyme produced by the small intestine. it breaks down complex sugar molecules and the sugar in milk to the simple sugar glucose

171
Q

mechanical digestion

A

digestive process that involves some type of physical force and movement. it includes mastication, deglutition, and peristalsis.

172
Q

chemical digestion

A

digestive process that involves digestive enzymes, acids, and other substances to chemically break down food. includes emulsification

173
Q

pepsinogen

A

inactive substance produced by the stomach. it is converted by hydrochloric acid to the digestive enzyme pepsin

174
Q

obstipation

A

sever, unrelieved constipation that can cause a bowel obstruction

175
Q

constip/o-

A

compacted feces

176
Q

obstip/o-

A

sever constipation

177
Q

flatul/o-

A

flatus; gas

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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