Medical ophthalmology

Question 1

Hallmarks retinal venous occlusion

Answer 1

either CRVO (central) or BRVO (branch) Sudden visual loss against a background of vascular risk factors Painless Haemorrhages across the retina in a ‘blood storm’ pattern Can be treated with VEGF, intravitreous steroid implant, laser

Question 2

Hallmarks CRAO

Answer 2

Sudden visual loss -> fundoscopy pale retinal with absence of vessels cherry red spot may be observed

Question 3

Difference conjunctivitis, scleritis, episcleritis, anterior uveitis and acute closed-angle glaucoma

Answer 3

Conjunctivitis -> eye pain, grittiness and mucopurulent discharge - Tx chloramphenicol Epicleritis -> Red eye with localised changes with mild discomfort and no loss of visual acuity - Tx artificial tears or topical steroid in resistant cases Scleritis -> Severe pain and photophobia and progressive visual loss Ant. uveitis -> blurred vision and headache Acute closed-angle glaucoma -> ophthalmic emergency, severe pain, haloes around light source, photophobia and eye watering

Question 4

Hallmarks occipetal love infarct

Answer 4

homonymous hemianopia

Question 5

Side effect pan retinal photocoagulation

Answer 5

Tunnel vision

Question 6

Hallmarks of background retinopathy

Answer 6

Question 7

Hallmarks of pre-proliferative retinopathy

Answer 7

Question 8

Hallmarks of proliferative retinopathy

Answer 8

Question 9

Hallmarks of diabetic retinopathy

Answer 9

Question 10

Macular oedema presentation

Answer 10

Deterioration in visual acuity with oedema over area of macula with ischaemic changes such as hard exudates and dots and blobs

Question 11

Pathophysiology of Holmes Adie pupil

Answer 11

Damage to parasympathetic ciliary ganglion.

Question 12

INO damaged site

Answer 12

MLF