Medical Endocrine

Question 1

Benign pituitary adenomas often produce excessive numbers of functional acidophils or basophils.

Adenomas involving somatotropic cells can cause________ if occurring in children before closure of the long bones’ epiphyseal plates or acromegaly in adults, with musculoskeletal, neurologic, and other medical consequences.

Answer 1

gigantism

Question 2

function can be adversely affected by heritable mutations in the gene for vasopressin (ADH)- neuro-physin, by compression from a tumor in adjacent tissues, and by head trauma.

By lowering levels of______, such conditions can produce diabetes insipidus, a disorder characterized by inability to concentrate urine, which leads to frequent urination (polyuria) and increased thirst (polydipsia).

Answer 2

Posterior pituitary

vasopressin

Question 3

insufficiency is a dis-order, usually autoimmune in origin, which causes degeneration in any layer of adrenal cortex, with concomitant loss of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, or androgen production.

Answer 3

Addison disease or adrenal cortical

Question 4

In the__________, benign pheochromocytomas periodically secrete high levels of catecholamines that cause swings in blood pressure between hypertension and hypotension.

Answer 4

adrenal medulla

Question 5

is characterized by loss of the insulin effect and a subsequent failure of cells to take up glucose, leading to elevated blood sugar or hyperglycemia.

Answer 5

Diabetes mellitus

Question 6

Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by loss of the 3 cells from autoimmune destruction and is treated by regular injections of insulin.

In type 2 diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Question 7

Chronic dietary iodine deficiencies inhibit__________ hormone production, causing thyrotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland to produce excess TSH.

This leads to excessive growth of thyroid follicles and enlargement of the thyroid gland, a condition known as_____.

Answer 7

thyroid

goiter

Question 8

In________, diminished secretion of PTH can cause bones to become more mineralized and denser and striated muscle to exhibit abnormal contractions due to inadequate calcium ion concentrations.

Answer 8

hypoparathyroidism

Question 9

Excessive PTH produced in hyperparathyroidism stimulates_______ number and activity, leading to increased levels of blood calcium that can be deposited pathologically in cartilage, arteries, or the kidneys.

Answer 9

osteoclast

Question 10

Densely calcified corpora arenacea can be used as landmarks for the midline location of the pineal gland in various radiological examinations of the brain. Tumors originating from________ are very rare, but they can be either benign or highly malignant

Answer 10

pinealocytes