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Histo LAB > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

MAIN GLANDS FORMED IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

o Hypothalamus
o Pituitary gland
o Pineal Gland
o Thyroid Gland
o Parathyroid Gland
o Adrenal Gland

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2
Q

Hypothalamus controls the______ gland because hypothalamus is the one that releases hormones

A

pituitary

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3
Q

connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland together

A

Infundibulum

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4
Q

Stimulates production of sex hormones by gonads

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

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5
Q

Stimulates production of sperm and eggs

A

FSH (Folliclestimulating Hormone)

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6
Q

Stimulates the release of thyroid hormone (TH). TH regulates metabolism

A

TSH (Thyroid stimulating Hormone)

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7
Q

Promotes milk production

A

PRL (Prolactin)

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8
Q

Induces targets to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF).

IGFS stimulates body growth and a higher metabolic rate

A

GH (Growth Hormone)

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9
Q

Induces targets to produce glucocorticoids , which regulate metabolism and the stress response

A

ACTH (Adrenocorti cotropic hormone)

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10
Q

▪ A disease to which the thyroid levels are constantly low

A

Hypothyroidism

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11
Q

▪ A disease to which the thyroid hormones are constantly high

A

Hyperthyroidism

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12
Q

Water balance

A

ADH

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13
Q

Triggers uterine contractions during childbirth

A

OT (Oxytocin)

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14
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

• Derived from an outgrowth of oral mucosa (______)

A

Rathke’s pouch

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15
Q

Anterior pituitary

SUB-PARTS

A

o Pars distalis (anterior lobe)
o Pars tuberalis (pars infundibularis)
o Pars intermedia (intermediate lobe)

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16
Q

o Connects our hypothalamus to our pituitary gland

A

Pituitary Stalk

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17
Q

o Located in between the posterior and anterior pituitary gland

A

Pars Intermedia

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18
Q

Stimulates growth in epiphyseal plates of long bones via insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) produced in liver

A

Somatotrophs

Somatotropin (growth hormone, GH)

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19
Q

Promotes milk secretion

A

Lactotrophs (or mammotrophs)

Prolactin (PRL)

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20
Q

promotes ovarian follicle development and

estrogen secretion in women and

spermatogenesis in men;

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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21
Q

promotes ovarian follicle maturation and progesterone secretion in women and interstitial cell androgen secretion in men

A

luteinizing hormone (LH;

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22
Q

Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis, storage, and liberation

A

Thyrotrophs

Thyrotropin (TSH)

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23
Q

Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

A

Corticotrophs

Adrenal corticotropin (ACTH)

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24
Q

Helps regulate lipid metabolism

A

Corticotrophs

Lipotropin (LPH)

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25
Q

• Biggest (sub)part of gland o Comprises about 75% of anterior pituitary gland

• Produces nearly all the hormones secreted by pituitary gland

• Hormones collectively referred to as anterior pituitary hormones

A

PARS DISTALIS

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26
Q
  • secretory cells. Hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules, having various colors under microscope, hence the name.
A

CHROMPOPHILS

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27
Q

Acidophils and Basophils

A

ACIDOPHILS (Alpha Cells)

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28
Q

Acidophils

A

Somatotrophs
Lactotrphs/ Mammotrophs

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29
Q

Basophils

A

Gonadotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Corticotrophs

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30
Q

Forms sleeve around pituitary stalk of neurohypophysis (Pars Nervosa)
• More vascular than anterior lobe
o Because it forms sleeves around the pituitary
stalk that’s why it has blood vessels
• Cells, mostly gonadotrophs
released by the basophils (beta cells)

A

PARS TUBERALIS

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31
Q

• Separates anterior from posterior lobe
• Boundary with anterior demarcated (borderline) by groove that represents original lumen of rathke’s pouch
.
Better developed in fetus; rudimentary in adults
.
Has follicles (rathke’s cysts) that contain eosinophilic colloid material
.
Produces melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

PARS INTERMEDIA

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32
Q

Herring bodies - Neuro-secretory Bodies

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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33
Q

Increases water permeability of renal collecting ducts

A

Vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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34
Q

Stimulates contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle

A

Oxytocin

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35
Q

PINEAL GLAND
• Aka

A

epiphysis cerebri

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36
Q

• Regulates daily rhythm of the body
• Develops from neuroectoderm
• Small; cone-shaped gland
• Arises as evagination of roof of diencephalon
• Base attached to roof of 3rd ventricle by two stalks

A

Pineal gland

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37
Q

• Well-developed in children
• at puberty, starts to involute (curl up)

A

Pineal gland

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38
Q

• Hormone elaborated by pinealocytes

A

MELATONIN

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39
Q

MELATONIN

Secretion is stimulated by_____ and inhibited by____

A

darkness

light

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40
Q

blood level has diurnal pattern; higher
at night than during day blood level much higher in children than adults

A

Melatonin

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41
Q

” it may affect circadian rhythms and
sleep patterns

A

Melatonin

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42
Q

• 95% of cell population
• Produces melatonin

A

Pinealocytes

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43
Q

Interstitial cells
“ Comprise 5 % of cell population
•___________ are present to promote homeostasis or balance within the cell

A

Modified astrocvtes

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44
Q

BRAIN SAND
• Also known as:

A

psammoma bodies,

corpora arenacea

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45
Q

Concretions of calcium and magnesium salts

Distinctive feature of pineal gland

Increase in number with age (but no effect in the gland’s function)

A

Brain sand

46
Q

• Largest endocrine gland

A

THYROID GLAND

47
Q

slightly bigger in women than in men

A

THYROID GLAND

48
Q

Parts of thyroid gland

A

Two lateral lobes (right and left)

Isthmus

49
Q

THYROID HORMONES

A

TRH -Thyroid Releasing Hormone
TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
T3- Triodothyronine hormone
T4-Thyroxine hormone

50
Q

o Regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fat and some vitamins

A

THYROID HORMONES

51
Q

THYROID GLAND HORMONES

A

T3
T4
Calcitonin

52
Q

Regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fat and some vitamins

Controlled by TSH from the anterior pituitary in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

THYROID HORMONES

53
Q

CALCITONIN (thyrocalcitonin)

Synthesized and secreted by_______ cells

A

parafollicular

54
Q

T3 and T4 are synthesized by

A

Follicular cells

55
Q

Function:
• lowers blood calcium levels
• inhibits bone resorption by directly suppressing osteoclasts

A

Calcitonin

56
Q

divides thyroid gland into poorly-defined lobules

A

SEPTAE

57
Q

2 capsules of thyroid

A

Outer capsule
True capsule

58
Q
  • releases Calcitonin
    • Also known as:
    • Mitochondria-rich cells
    • C cells -
    • C for calcitonin
    • Clear cells
A

Parafollicular cells

59
Q

0.1% of cell population

A

Parafollicular

60
Q

PARATHYROID GLAND
• Usually 2 pairs (_____ and _____)

A

superior and inferior

61
Q

• Yellowish-brown, tiny, ovoid bodies attached to posterior surface of thyroid gland
• Lie within capsule of thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

62
Q

arise from third pharyngeal pouch together with thymus
______
arise from fourth pharyngeal pouch and attach themselves to thyroid glands

A

• Inferior parathyroid glands
___

• Superior parathyroid glands

63
Q
  • functional unit of thyroid tissue
A

PARENCHYMA

64
Q

EPITHELIAL CELLS of parathyroid

A

Oxyphil
Chief/ principal cells

65
Q

Elaborate and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Chief cells (principal cells)

66
Q

• Appear shortly before puberty
Increase in number with age

Occur singly or in clusters

Bigger than chief cells but nuclei slightly smaller

Cytoplasm with many acidophilic granules and hence, intensely eosinophilic

Nonsecretory and function is unknown

A

Oxyphil cells (acidophil cells)

67
Q

Only hormone produced by parathyroid gland

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE

68
Q

Most important regulator of blood calcium level

A

Parathyroid hormones

69
Q

Osteoblasts respond to_____, increasing number and activity of osteoclasts (opposite to Calcitonin)

stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules of renal cortex and inhibits phosphate reabsorption in proximal tubules

increases Ca2+ absorption in small intestine by stimulating Vitamin D activation

A

PTH

70
Q

Two pathways of Parathyroid Hormones

A

Bone

Kindey

71
Q

• Paired (left and right), flat, pyramidal organs
• Left suprarenal gland: semilunar shaped
• Right suprarenal gland: pyramidal shaped
• On upper pole of kidneys
• Each weighs about 5 g and 50 mm long or high, 30 mm wide and 10 mm thick

A

ADRENAL GLAND
• Other name: Suprarenal Gland

72
Q

indentation at middle of anteromedial aspect

where adrenal vein leaves gland

A

Hilus

73
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

74
Q

Made up of 3 zones: Zona Glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
Outer area

• Completely surrounds medulla

A

ADRENAL CORTEX

75
Q

Essential for life

80-90% of adrenal gland

produce steroid hormones (adrenocortical hormones)

A

ADRENAL CORTEX

76
Q

ADRENAL______
• Ectodermal origin
• Not essential for life

A

Adrenal medulla

77
Q

Hormones released

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens/ Testosterone

78
Q

HORMONES
• Mineralocorticoids
• mainly aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

79
Q

Increases Na+ reabsorption by collecting tubules of kidney
that’s why simple cuboidal epithelial cells ang present

Control of aldosterone secretion
mainly by RAAS
• secondarily by corticotropin (ACTH) from anterior pituitary

A

Zona glomerulosa

80
Q

• Thickest layer (78%) of adrenal cortex

A

ZONA FASCICULATA

81
Q

• Thickest layer (78%) of adrenal cortex
• Cells form long, thin (usually one-cell thick), straight cords arranged perpendicular to capsule
• Cords separated by sinusoids that are supported by fine connective tissue septae

A

Zona fasciculata

82
Q

Zona fasciculata

CELLS: also called _______

A

spongiocytes

83
Q

HORMONES
Glucocorticoids

Mainly cortisol and corticosterone
Regulate carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism (Glucose)

A

Zona fasciculata

84
Q

Primary regulator of the activity of cells of zona fasciculata is_________
from anterior pituitary

A

corticotropin (ACTH)

85
Q

• Innermost and thinnest layer (7% of volume of cortex)
• Cells small and arranged in short anastomosing cords
• Between cords are sinusoids

A

ZONA RETICULARIS

86
Q

• Comprises only 10-20% of adrenal gland
• Thin region completely surrounded by cortex
• Central part with large medullary veins that drain entire gland

A

ADRENAL MEDULLA

87
Q

Cells of ADRENAL MEDULLA

A

Chromaffin cells
Ganglion cells

88
Q

ADRENAL MEDULLA SECRETIONS
• Three kinds of catecholamines

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

89
Q

• secreted by 90% of chromaffin cells

• secreted by 10% of chromaffin cells
• Stronger chromaffin reaction
• Granules more electron dense

• cells that secrete this have not been identified yet

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Dopamine

90
Q

• both an exocrine and an endocrine gland
• both endocrine and exocrine components are in the lobules

A

Pancreas

91
Q

PANCREAS: DUCTS

A

Intralobular
Interlobular
Pancreatic ducts

92
Q

• Intercalated duct: drains an acinus, squamous or low cuboidal epithelium

A

Intralobular ducts

93
Q

Union of intercalated ducts
• anastomosing

A

Interlobular ducts

94
Q

Union of interlobular duct
Lined by simple columnar epithelium

A

Pancreatic ducts

95
Q

only 2% of pancreas
• Islets of Langerhans

A

ENDOCRINE PORTION

96
Q

• Aggregations of pale-staining cells (in H & E preparations) scattered throughout darker staining cells of exocrine pancreas
• Combined volume = only 2% of pancreas
• More numerous in tail than in body or head of gland

A

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

97
Q

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

Cell types

A

ALPHA CELL (A CELL)

BETA CELL (B CELL)

DELTA CELL (D CELL)

F CELL (PP CELL)

98
Q

• About 20% of islet cells
• Large cell and most occupy peripheral areas of islet
• Electron-dense secretory granules of uniform size

A

ALPHA CELL (A CELL)

99
Q

Secretes glucagon

A

ALPHA CELL (A CELL)

100
Q

• Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis
• Increase blood glucose content

A

glucagon

101
Q

• Most numerous
• 60-75% of islet cells
. Most are in central area of islets
• Smallest of the cells of islet
Secretory granules smaller and less electron dense than a cell

A

BETA CELL (B CELL)

102
Q

BETA CELL (B CELL)

Secretes ______ and ______

A

insulin as well as amylin

103
Q

Cause entry of glucose into cells
Promotes decrease of blood glucose content

A

insulin as well as amylin

104
Q

Only about 5% of islet cell population
Scattered singly all over islets
• Largest of islet cells

A

DELTA CELL (D CELL)

105
Q

Secretes somatostatin

A

DELTA CELL (D CELL)

106
Q

• Also produced by some cells of digestive tract and hypothalamus
• But, physiologic effect of hypothalamic
somatostatin
different
• Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones
• Inhibit release of growth hormone and TSH in anterior pituitary
.
Inhibit HCI secretion by gastric parietal cells

A

somatostatin

107
Q

• Rare
“ Widely scattered and sometimes occurs among the pancreatic acini

Secretory granules irregular in shape and variable electron density

A

F CELL (PP CELL)

108
Q

Secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

F CELL (PP CELL)

109
Q

• Stimulate activity of gastric chief cells
• nhibits bile secretion
• Inhibit pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion
• Inhibit intestinal motility

A

pancreatic polypeptide

110
Q

a cells

ß cells

  • D cells
  • F cells
A

Glucagon

Insulin, Amylin

Somatostatin

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Histo LAB (13 decks)

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