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Medical Anthropology Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Passive immunity

A

Short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal

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2
Q

Anthropometer

A

Instrument suitable for measuring nearly any linear dimension of the human body

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3
Q

Gini coefficient

A

Statistical measure of distribution used as a gauge of economic inequality, measuring income distribution among a population

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4
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compounds essential for normal growth and nutrition that are required in small quantities as they cannot be synthesised by the body

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5
Q

Minerals

A

A chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life

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6
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain, or stroke

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7
Q

Health belief model

A

Psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviours by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals

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8
Q

Cartesian dualism

A

Mind body problem

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9
Q

Dividual

A

Separate/distinct

Mechanisms of a ‘control society’?

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10
Q

Quest narrative

A

An illness narrative in which illness is seen as a spiritual journey

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11
Q

Ethnomedicine

A

A study or comparison of the traditional medicine practiced by various ethnic groups, and especially by indigenous people

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12
Q

Hikikomori

A

Culture bound syndrome, in Japan, the abnormal avoidance of social contact typically by adolescent males

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13
Q

Reductionism

A

Analysing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of its simple or fundamental constituents

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14
Q

Structural violence

A

Form of violence wherein some social structure of social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs

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15
Q

Placebo effect

A

Some people experience a benefit after administration of an inactive substance which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself and so must be due to the patient’s belief in that treatment

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16
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to maintain vital functions

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17
Q

Marasmus

A

Undernourishment causing a child’s weight to be significantly low for their age

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18
Q

Ponderal index

A

Index of weight in relation to height or length

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19
Q

Cure and healing

A

Curing means eliminating all evidence of disease, while healing means becoming whole

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20
Q

The Black Report

A

A 1980 document published by the Department of Health and Social Security in the UK, which was thereportof the expert committee into health inequality chaired by Sir DouglasBlack

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21
Q

FGM

A

The ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. The practice is found in Africa, Asia and the Middle East

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22
Q

Bioelectrical impedance

A

A commonly used method for estimating body composition, in particular body fat and muscle mass

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23
Q

CVD

A

Cardiovascular disease-group of disorders of heart and blood vessels

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24
Q

Neoteny

A

The retention of juvenile features in the adult

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25
Biomedicine
The branch of medicine concerned with the application of the principles of biology and biochemistry to medical research or practice
26
Neolithic revolution
The first agricultural revolution. It was a gradual change from nomadic hunting and gathering communities and bands to agriculture and settlement
27
Epidemics
A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
28
Insulin resistance
An  impaired response of the body to insulin, resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood (a key component of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome)
29
Embodiment
A tangible or visible form of an idea, quality or feeling
30
Social constructivism
A sociological theory of knowledge according to which human development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others
31
Demand-control model
Focused on the balance of job requirements and autonomy (stress)
32
DALY
Disability adjusted life years
33
Mass psychogenic illness
When people in a group start feeling sick at the same time even though there is no physical or environmental reason for them to be sick
34
Meta analysis
Examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject, in order to determine overall trends
35
Race
A grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society
36
Globalisation
An ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society
37
Epidemiological transition
A phase of development witnessed by sudden increase in population growth rates brought by improved food, security and innovations in public health and medicine, followed by a re-leveling of population growth due to subsequent declines in fertility rates
38
Thalassemia
Group of hereditary haemolytic diseases caused by faulty haemoglobin synthesis, widespread in Mediterranean, African, and Asian countries
39
Medical anthropology
Subfield of anthropology drawing on social, cultural, biological and linguistic anthropology to understand facts that influence health and wellbeing, experience and distribution of illness, and preventing/treatment
40
Medical pluralism
The employment of more than one medical system or the use of both conventional and complementary and alternative medicine for health and illness
41
Biological evolution
Any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations
42
Confounding factor
An outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent and independent variable
43
Natural selection
Process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
44
Socioeconomic status
Social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation
45
Epidemiology
Study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why
46
Social epidemiology
A branch focusing on effects of social-structural factors on state of health
47
SABRE
The Southall And Brent REvisited Study-medical research study on cause of diabetes and heart/circulation disorders involving nearly 5000 European, Indian Asian and African Caribbean men and women
48
Barker hypothesis
Intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, and premature birth have a causal relationship to the origins of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, in middle age
49
Hispanic paradox
Hispanics living in the US are poorer, have harsher jobs and less access to education and health services than non-Hispanic whites
50
Racial medicine
Medicine tailored to race due to different predispositions and responses eg BiDil
51
Innate immune system
Nonspecific defence mechanisms present immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body including physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body
52
Fresh Smoke Free North East
UK's first dedicated regional programme set up in the North East in 2005 to tackle the worst rates of smoking related illness and death in England
53
Health seeking behaviour
The health seeking behaviour of a community determines how they use health services
54
Hierarchy of resort
Sequence by which people use different therapies in a medical pluralist state (traditional sought first)
55
Phenomenology
The science of phenomena as distinct from that of the nature of being
56
Medicalisation
Process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions, so become subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment
57
Critical medical anthroplogy
Branch of medical anthropology that blends criticaltheory and ground-level ethnographic approaches in the consideration of the political economy of health, and the effect of social inequality on people's health
58
Appropriation
Adoption of traditional practices, objects, or images by a person or group that is not part of the originating culture
59
Interdisciplinary (nature of medical anthropology)
Bioscientific epidemiology, constriction of knowledge, politics of science, norms and institutions, globalisation
60
Disease
Abnormalities in structure and function of body organs/systems
61
Illness
Patients perspective and influenced by social/economic factors
62
Sickness
Sum total of disease and illness. Process for socialising the disease/illness
63
Ontology
Study of being or ‘what is’
64
Epistemology
Study of knowledge
65
Dietary reference values
Take account of variation (more relevant to a population perspective)
66
Hidden hunger
Asymptomatic or difficult to detect micronutrient deficiency

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