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University Year 1 > Medical Anthropology Key Terms > Flashcards

Medical Anthropology Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Passive immunity

A

Short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal

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2
Q

Anthropometer

A

Instrument suitable for measuring nearly any linear dimension of the human body

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3
Q

Gini coefficient

A

Statistical measure of distribution used as a gauge of economic inequality, measuring income distribution among a population

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4
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compounds essential for normal growth and nutrition that are required in small quantities as they cannot be synthesised by the body

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5
Q

Minerals

A

A chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life

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6
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain, or stroke

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7
Q

Health belief model

A

Psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviours by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals

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8
Q

Cartesian dualism

A

Mind body problem

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9
Q

Dividual

A

Separate/distinct

Mechanisms of a ‘control society’?

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10
Q

Quest narrative

A

An illness narrative in which illness is seen as a spiritual journey

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11
Q

Ethnomedicine

A

A study or comparison of the traditional medicine practiced by various ethnic groups, and especially by indigenous people

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12
Q

Hikikomori

A

Culture bound syndrome, in Japan, the abnormal avoidance of social contact typically by adolescent males

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13
Q

Reductionism

A

Analysing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of its simple or fundamental constituents

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14
Q

Structural violence

A

Form of violence wherein some social structure of social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs

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15
Q

Placebo effect

A

Some people experience a benefit after administration of an inactive substance which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself and so must be due to the patient’s belief in that treatment

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16
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to maintain vital functions

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17
Q

Marasmus

A

Undernourishment causing a child’s weight to be significantly low for their age

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18
Q

Ponderal index

A

Index of weight in relation to height or length

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19
Q

Cure and healing

A

Curing means eliminating all evidence of disease, while healing means becoming whole

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20
Q

The Black Report

A

A 1980 document published by the Department of Health and Social Security in the UK, which was thereportof the expert committee into health inequality chaired by Sir DouglasBlack

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21
Q

FGM

A

The ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. The practice is found in Africa, Asia and the Middle East

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22
Q

Bioelectrical impedance

A

A commonly used method for estimating body composition, in particular body fat and muscle mass

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23
Q

CVD

A

Cardiovascular disease-group of disorders of heart and blood vessels

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24
Q

Neoteny

A

The retention of juvenile features in the adult

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25
Q

Biomedicine

A

The branch of medicine concerned with the application of the principles of biology and biochemistry to medical research or practice

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26
Q

Neolithic revolution

A

The firstagricultural revolution. It was a gradual change from nomadic hunting and gathering communities and bands to agriculture and settlement

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27
Q

Epidemics

A

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

28
Q

Insulin resistance

A

An impaired response of the body to insulin, resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood (a key component of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome)

29
Q

Embodiment

A

A tangible or visible form of an idea, quality or feeling

30
Q

Social constructivism

A

A sociologicaltheoryof knowledge according to which human development issociallysituated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others

31
Q

Demand-control model

A

Focused on the balance of job requirements and autonomy (stress)

32
Q

DALY

A

Disability adjusted life years

33
Q

Mass psychogenic illness

A

When people in a group start feeling sick at the same time even though there is no physical or environmental reason for them to be sick

34
Q

Meta analysis

A

Examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject, in order to determine overall trends

35
Q

Race

A

A grouping ofhumansbased on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society

36
Q

Globalisation

A

An ongoing process that involves interconnected changesinthe economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society

37
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

A phase of development witnessed by sudden increase in population growth rates brought by improvedfood, security and innovations inpublic healthand medicine, followed by a re-leveling of population growth due to subsequent declines infertility rates

38
Q

Thalassemia

A

Group of hereditary haemolytic diseases caused by faulty haemoglobin synthesis, widespread in Mediterranean, African, and Asian countries

39
Q

Medical anthropology

A

Subfield of anthropology drawing on social, cultural, biological and linguistic anthropology to understand facts that influence health and wellbeing, experience and distribution of illness, and preventing/treatment

40
Q

Medical pluralism

A

The employment of more than one medicalsystem or the use of both conventional and complementary and alternative medicine forhealthand illness

41
Q

Biological evolution

A

Any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations

42
Q

Confounding factor

A

An outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent and independentvariable

43
Q

Natural selection

A

Process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

44
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

Social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation

45
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why

46
Q

Social epidemiology

A

A branch focusing on effects of social-structural factors on state of health

47
Q

SABRE

A

TheSouthallAndBrentREvisited Study-medical research study on cause of diabetes and heart/circulation disorders involving nearly 5000 European, Indian Asian and African Caribbean men and women

48
Q

Barker hypothesis

A

Intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, and premature birth have a causal relationship to the origins of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, in middle age

49
Q

Hispanic paradox

A

Hispanics living in the US are poorer, have harsher jobs and less access to education and health services than non-Hispanic whites

50
Q

Racial medicine

A

Medicine tailored to race due to different predispositions and responses eg BiDil

51
Q

Innate immune system

A

Nonspecific defence mechanisms present immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body including physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune systemcells that attack foreign cells in the body

52
Q

Fresh Smoke Free North East

A

UK’s first dedicated regional programme set up in theNorth Eastin 2005 to tackle the worst rates ofsmokingrelated illness and death in England

53
Q

Health seeking behaviour

A

The health seeking behaviour of a community determines how they use health services

54
Q

Hierarchy of resort

A

Sequence by which people use different therapies in a medical pluralist state (traditional sought first)

55
Q

Phenomenology

A

The science of phenomena as distinct from that of the nature of being

56
Q

Medicalisation

A

Process by which human conditions and problems come to bedefinedand treated as medical conditions, so become subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment

57
Q

Critical medical anthroplogy

A

Branch ofmedical anthropologythat blendscriticaltheory and ground-level ethnographic approaches in the consideration of the political economy of health, and the effect of social inequality on people’s health

58
Q

Appropriation

A

Adoption of traditional practices, objects, or images by a person or group that is not part of the originating culture

59
Q

Interdisciplinary (nature of medical anthropology)

A

Bioscientific epidemiology, constriction of knowledge, politics of science, norms and institutions, globalisation

60
Q

Disease

A

Abnormalities in structure and function of body organs/systems

61
Q

Illness

A

Patients perspective and influenced by social/economic factors

62
Q

Sickness

A

Sum total of disease and illness. Process for socialising the disease/illness

63
Q

Ontology

A

Study of being or ‘what is’

64
Q

Epistemology

A

Study of knowledge

65
Q

Dietary reference values

A

Take account of variation (more relevant to a population perspective)

66
Q

Hidden hunger

A

Asymptomatic or difficult to detect micronutrient deficiency

University Year 1 (12 decks)

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