Intro 2-Language and Communication Flashcards
What is the adaptionist view of what communication is?
Relation between a signal (evolved to alter behaviour of another organism) and corresponding response (evolved to be affected by a signal) (Krebs and Dawkins)
What is the informational view of what communication is?
Biological signals carry ‘information’ (reduction in uncertainty) about the world
What are the different types of human communication?
Vocal, gesture, facial, body, visual and olfactory
What is language?
A sophisticated communication system governed by hierarchical rules. Multi-faceted capacity that requires sophisticated cognitive processes
What are three characteristics of language?
It’s an open and generative system, linguistic signals are referential so can convey specific meanings, and language is semantic, syntactic, morphological and phonological
What are the universal features of language?
Syntax, semantics, phonology, pragmatics, and morphology
What is syntax?
Rules and principles that govern structure of language (grammar)
What is semantics?
Meaning of linguistic units (relationship between a symbol and what it represents)
What is phonology?
Organisation of speech sounds (phonemes)
What is pragmatics?
How context contributes to meaning
What is morphology?
The structure of words, and rules of how they are formed (morphemes)
How is language modality independent?
Speech, sign language, written language, and speech-accompanying gestures
How are humans and chimpanzees related?
We did not evolve from chimpanzees, but we shared an ancestor 5-6 million years ago. The chimpanzee is the closest model of what our last common ancestor may have been like
Why are primates studied, for example in psychology?
Because it is a window into our primate past, and helps understand the roots of language, and language evolution
What is communicative flexibility?
Vocal learning. Primates have limited capacities for vocal learning though they can readily learn and invent new gestures
What is referential communication?
Cues to emotion and provide meaning about the world. This is an early form of semantic communication
What are playback experiments?
They test the meaning of calls, such as in the vervet monkey study of referential alarm calls and food calls
What are call sequences evidence of?
The evolution of syntax where the order of linguistic elements influence unit meaning
What study looked at audience effects and intentionality?
The study of Thomas Langur alarm calls. Inform about presence of food when friends are around
What is the definition of a gesture?
Discrete, mechanically ineffective bodily movements used to communicate intentionally to change behaviour of receiver
What are some early ape language studies?
Gua, Viki, American sign language studies, and Kanzi
Who was Gua?
Chimpanzee raised as a child but never produced intelligible words (Kellogg)
Who was Viki?
A chimpanzee raised as a child with reinforcement training. After 7 years had only 4 poorly articulated words (Hayes)
What were some American sign language studies on primates?
Washoe the chimp, Koko the gorilla, Chantek the orangutan and Nim the chimp
What did Washoe learn?
150-250 signs but understood more
What did Nim learn?
Raised as a child but developed and learned slower than humans. Signing was mainly imitative and lacked syntactic rules
What was Kanzi?
A language trained bonobo. Had no formal training but could understand 3000 words. He used a lexigram board and demonstrated impressive comprehension and grammar but limited production
What questions to ape language studies raise?
It it really language? Highly dependent on rewards, and mainly only ever involves learning demands and requests
How has the hominim brain evolved?
Huge brain expansion and crucial differences in brain specialisations, as well as rapid increase in cerebral blood flow. Apes have a cerebellum and frontal lobes. Humans have neocortex and greater intra-cortical connectivity in pre-frontal cortex
What does the brain evolution demonstrate about when language evolved?
Homo brain doubles from H.erectus to H.sapiens. Language onset associated with symbolic thought about 100,000 years ago. Language evolution was most likely a very gradual process
What is the mirror neuron system in primates?
First discovered in rhesus macaques (Rizolatti et al). Mirror neurons fire when observe someone reaching for an object, but not for the same movement without the object. Considered important for language/imitation/action learning/empathy
What did Corballis believe about language evolution?
Language evolved ‘hand to mouth’. However it is more likely that it evolved multi-modally
What brain areas are used for language?
Broca’s area, primary motor cortex, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, Wernicke’s area, primary auditory area
How does brain laterality relate to language?
Left side for analysis of sequences (comprehension/linguistic sequences). Right side for visual-spatial skills (narratives/prosody/emotions in speech/music)
What did split brain studies show in relation to language?
If something shown to left visual field, cannot read and verbally communicate. If shown to right visual field there was linguistic capacity. Only processes in left hemisphere could be verbally described
Where is Broca’s area?
Left inferior frontal cortex
What is Broca’s area for?
Language production, particularly sequential patterns
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Typically due to strokes. Non fluent or hesitant speech. Difficulty naming people and objects. Comprehension intact but struggle with complex grammar. Partial paralysis of one side of body