Medical Flashcards
Cyanokit medication -
Two vials contains 2.5g of hydroxocobalamin. Adults get both vials
= inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system by BLOCKING the action of acetylcholine. Patient are hyper, tachy, fever. Examples Atropine, Antihistamines, antipsychotics, antispasmodics, cyclic antidepressants, mydriatics. Also plants and mushrooms
Anticholinergic drugs
= STIMULATE the parasympathetic nervous system by activating receptors for acetylcholine.
Symptoms = SLUDGE, salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal distress, and eyes (dilation).
Cholinergic drugs
anticholinergic vs sympathomimetic toxidromes
= Both have fever, tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis and mental status changes. However, anticholinergic patient has dry, red (flushed) skin, constipation and delirium while the sympathomimetic patient has pale, diaphoretic skin, increased GI motility and is typically agitated.
Opioid vs sedative-hypnotic toxidromes
= Opioid toxidrome has miosis and respiratory depression while the sedative-hypnoitic toxidrome have any size pupils and rarely has respiratory depression.
Opioid drugs receptors
= G-protein coupled receptors (GCPR) that are found exclusively in the central nervous system. Withdrawal treated with long acting opioid agonist such as methadone, buprenorphine, clonidine,
Epinephrine, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, and over the counter drugs containing ephedrine. Direct stimulation of the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Restraining may lead to death. Give benzodiazepines (Diazepam)
Sympathomimetic Toxicity
Beta blocker toxicity
- Beta1-receptor blockade impact heart and BP.
- Beta2-receptor blockade inhibits relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels, bronchi, etc.
- Bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and seizures.
- We give Glucagon
Calcium Channel Blocker toxicity =
Hypotension, brady-dysrhythmia, and cardiac arrest, depressed level of consciousness. Give activated charcoal
Organophosphate toxicity
= three broad impact categories: Muscarinic effects, Nicotinic effects, Central nervous system
Neuropsychiatric effects.
In Moco we give it with Atropin (called DuoDote kits), doses are for Mild 600mg, Moderate 1200mg, severe 1800
name the effect. fluids coming out - Rhinorrhea, hypersalivation, diaphoresis, incontinence; also bradycardia and respiratory distress
Muscarinic effects =
name the effect: hypertension, tachycardia, cramping
Nicotinic effects
name the effect: anxiety, coma, less breathing
Central nervous system (CNS) effects
name the effect: Impaired memory, confusion, psychosis
Neuropsychiatric effects =
Alcohol-impacted neurotransmitter
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is impacted by ethanol. It’s the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. It slows down the brain by blocking signals in the central nervous system.
hernia that leads to opening in diaphragm allowing stomach above diaphragm
Hiatal (hai ei tal) -
Field treatment of GI issues =
- Rule out acute MI (12 lead)
- IV access
- Pain management
- Anti-emetic (zofran)
pain during the menstrual cycle
Dysmenorrhea (dis me Noria) =
= unintentionally caused by medical treatment
Iatrogenic (ai·a·truh·jeh·nuhk)
related to digestion
Peptic =
= tumor/ uncontrolled cell growth
Neoplastic
Vomiting of fresh blood
Hematemesis (hema te masis)
= black tarry stools, suggest upper GI bleed
Melena (muh·lay·nuh)
Passing of red blood from rectum
Hematochezia (hema ta kizya)
, is bleeding from abnormally dilated veins, or varices, that are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract
Variceal (very sil) hemorrhage, aka variceal bleeding
twitching of the corner of the mouth when the facial nerve is tapped in the area of the zygomatic arch.
Chvostek’s sign
Discoloration of the flank, indicates retroperitoneal bleeding.
Grey-Turner’s sign
Pain in the calf upon forced dorsiflexion of the foot. This indicates deep vein thrombosis.
Homan’s sign
Bruising around the belly button.
Cullen’s sign
Increased pain upon applied pressure or inhalation in the subcostal margin of the right upper abdominal quadrant. This indicates gallbladder problems.
Murphy’s sign
Result of stroke, tumor, spinal injury etc. Decreased pupil size, a drooping eyelid and decreased sweating on the affected side of the face.
Horner syndrome
Swollen veins found in the inferior esophagus generally resulting from alcoholism, hepatitis, or any other pathology that can result in hepatic portal hypertension. bright blood since its clean.
Esophagogastric varices
Of the groin
Inguinal
Kidney stones and stones in the urethra
Nephrolithiasis (nefro la THAYA sis) refers to calculi (kal·kyoo·lai) in the kidneys; ureterolithiasis (uritro la THAYA sis) refers to ureteral calculi
A bacterial infection of the kidney
Acute pyelonephritis (pai lo nafRAI tis)
Pain during urination
Dysuria
Marks the upper and lower parts of the GI system. It Extends from the diaphragm to between the duodenum and the jejunum
ligament of Treitz
Involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles in the digestive tract
Peristalsis
Membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place
Mesentery
Inflammation of the large intestine, or colon.
Colitis
A condition that causes small, abnormal blood vessels to form in the gut.
Angiodysplasia
The presence of small pouches in the large intestinal (colonic) wall
Diverticulitis (diver ti cue LAI tis)
Suffix itis vs sis
“Itis” means inflammation; “sis” means disease
Two terms: [1] An inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs most commonly (90%) because of [2] gallstones that obstruct the cystic duct.
Cholecystitis “ko le sis tai sis” and Cholelithiasis (ko la la THA ya sis)
w/o stones & w/stones
Acalculous & calculous
Peptic ulcer disease
Commonly caused by bacterial infection with H. pylori. area of the stomach lining to be exposed and no longer have the protective mucus layer. Leading to vomiting blood , coffee grounds
A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes your digestive tract to become swollen and irritated.
Crohn’s disease
Escherichia coli (eshe RIKI ai ko lai) causes the majority of uncomplicated cases; risk factor is a catheter
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (sis TAI des ; Bladder Infection)
A bacterial infection of the kidney parenchyma (pa run kima) that can be organ- and/or life-threatening and that often leads to scarring of the kidney.
Acute pyelonephritis (pai lo nafRAI tis)
Sudden onset of severe unilateral scrotal pain followed by inguinal (of the groin) and/or scrotal swelling.
Testicular torsion (tor shen)
Refer to calculi (kal·kyoo·lai) in the kidneys and ureter, respectively. Exceptionally painful
Nephrolithiasis (nefro la THAYA sis) & ureterolithiasis (urithro la THAYA sis)
A bacterial infection of the kidney parenchyma that can be organ- and/or life-threatening and that often leads to scarring of the kidney. The bacteria in these cases have usually ascended from the lower urinary tract
Acute pyelonephritis (pai lo nafRAI tis)
Bleeding within the spinal cord
Hematomyelia (he ma to milia)
Forceps delivery
Dystocia
Short-term illness triggered by the infection and inflammation of the digestive system by either Bacteria, Virus, Parasite.
Gastroenteritis
A tear or split in the lining of the anus (anal mucosa). The symptoms include pain and bright red blood from the anus.
Anal fissures
aka Piles. Swollen blood vessels in the anus and lower rectum that can be internal or external.
Hemorrhoids
Can be partial or complete, simple (ie, non-strangulated) or strangulated. Peristalsis above and below the location, with frequent loose stools and flatus
small-bowel obstruction (SBO)
A life-threatening inflammation of the thin tissue that lines the abdominal wall and organs. Often caused by a burst appendix or a hole in the bowel.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, toxins, medications, medical conditions, or heavy alcohol use.
Hepatitis
Seizure that start in one of the brain’s hemisphere. Can be simple (preserved consciousness) or complex (impaired consciousness; aura common)
Focal seizure
When the liver cannot filter out the toxic and it moves around the body and hits the brain, impacting the neurological processing.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Severe scarring of the liver. This serious condition can be caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis or chronic alcoholism.
Cirrhosis
The six categories of generalized-onset seizure (impact both brain hemispheres)
- Absence - brief episodes of impaired consciousness. Last less than 20 seconds .
- Myoclonic - Brief arrhythmic jerking that last less than 1 second and often cluster within a few minutes.
- Clonic - Rhythmic jerking w/wo impairment of consciousness;
- Tonic - Sudden-onset tonic extension or flexion of the head, trunk, and/or extremities for several seconds.
- Primary generalized tonic-clonic - Aka grand mal seizures. Include tonic extension, clonic rhythmic movements and prolonged postictal confusion.
- Atonic seizures - aka “drop attacks.” In people with clinically significant neurologic abnormalities (need helmets).
Rash
Urticaria
Inner lining of eyelid
Conjunctival (con junk tai va)
Excessive nose discharge
Rhinorrhea
Difficult swallowing
Dysphagia
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin-converting enzyme. A class of medications that help treat high blood pressure and heart problems. ACE inhibitors drugs often end in “PRIL”; example Lisinopril
Excessive thirst
Polydipsia
Hunger
Polyphagia
Tingling or pricking (“pins and needles”)
Paresthesias (pe re stizia)
A condition that causes a person’s blood pressure to drop when they sit down or stand up
Orthostatic hypotension aka postural hypotension
Dark skin marks
Acanthosis nigricans
Excessive body hair
Hirsutism (her sa tism)
Involuntary muscle contractions in the body.
Dystonic reaction
Tricyclic antidepressants end in…
“…talin”
A disease in which the functioning of the brain is affected by some agent or condition
Encephalopathy (en se fa lo pa ti)
An inflammatory process where enzymes auto-digest this gland. Long-standing alcohol consumption and biliary stone disease cause most cases (gallstones passing into the bile duct). Pain in upper abdomen and may radiate to back, umbilical pain, jaundice
Pancreatitis
Causes small, abnormal blood vessels to form in the gut. Often leads to bleeding
Angiodysplasia
Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI)
Inadequate blood flow resulting in ischemia and eventual gangrene of the bowel wall. Risk factors Cocaine or Digitalis, Hypercoagulability or Decompression sickness. Leads to fear of eating and unintended weight loss.
Inflammation of the large intestine, or colon. Can be acute, chronic or ulcerative.
Colitis
The third most common cancer in the United States for men and women.
Colon carcinoma
A class of medications used to treat pain, fever, and other inflammatory processes. Include Aspirin, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Aleve
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
hyperparathyroidism vs hyperthyroidism
HPT involves high blood calcium, while HT involves high thyroid hormones that speed up the body.
The process of breaking down bone tissue and releasing minerals, which leads to calcium being transferred from bone to the blood.
Bone resorption
This hormone increases the blood concentration of calcium, and it does this by increasing osteoclast activity in the bones.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Most common manifestation is facial paralysis
Bell’s palsy
Can raise your blood sugar level while you take them.
Steroids (side effect)
Sickle cell disease (SCD) key symptoms
Vaso-occlusive crisis (anywhere) and specifically, splenic sequestration crisis
Ectopic pregnancy sign
Rebound tenderness
Slow movement, is one of the symptoms of Parkinson’s
Bradykinesia
Bleeding that a patient is unaware of (colon carcinoma)
Occult bleeding
Small, pinpoint, red, brown, or purple spots that appear on the skin. They are caused by bleeding from capillaries, due to trauma or coagulation problems. They are flat to the touch and don’t lose color when pressed.
Petechiae (pa ti ki ya)
Occurs when damaged muscle tissue releases its proteins and electrolytes into the blood. These substances can damage the heart and kidneys and cause permanent disability or even death.
Rhabdomyolysis (rhabdo)
Overproduction of ketones. Happens quickly (within 24 hours), hallmark symptoms: polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), a fruity odor on the breath (from ketones) and tachypnea to regulate acidosis.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Blood glucose levels in excess of 600 mg/dL and can exceed 1,000 mg/dL. Slow onset. Profound dehydration. Acidosis does not develop.
Hyperosmolar (hyper az moler) Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
Nerve dysfunction impairs a patient’s sensory and motor functions and can also impair autonomic nervous system functions. Neuropathy is exacerbated by peripheral vascular disease.
Diabetic neuropathy
Is the leading cause of blindness. When patients regularly experience abnormal glucose metabolism, the retinal capillaries, weakening the cell walls causes fluid shifts within the retina and a thickening of the cell walls lead to inadequate blood flow.
Diabetic retinopathy
An autoimmune disease characterized by hyperthyroidism due to circulating autoantibodies. Bulging eyes, conjunctival irritation, thyroid nodules may be palpable.
Graves’ disease
Hypermetabolic with high fevers, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting, tremulousness, agitation, and psychosis. Late in the progression of disease, patients may become stuporous or comatose with hypotension.
Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid storm
Coma or Crisis, severe hypothyroidism.
Myxedema (mix a DI ma)
Moon facies, facial plethora, supraclavicular fat pads, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, and purple striae, proximal muscle weakness, easy bruising, weight gain, hirsutism.
Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids or too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (pituitary gland). In response, the body’s two adrenal glands, one atop each kidney, make too much cortisol.
Endogenous Cushing Syndrome
Primary adrenal insufficiency. Bronze pigmentation of skin, less hair (thinning hair) and changes in where hair grows, hypoglycemia, weight loss, GI disturbances, weakness, postural hypotension (getting dizzy when standing up from sitting)
Addison disease
The immune system mistakenly creates antibodies that attack tissues in the body. These antibodies can cause blood clots to form in arteries and veins. The clots can lead to a heart attack, strokes and other conditions. During pregnancy, can result in miscarriage and stillbirth.
Antiphospholipid (AN-te-fos-fo-LIP-id) syndrome
Problems with reasoning, planning, judgment, memory and other thought processes caused by brain damage from impaired blood flow to your brain.
Vascular dementia
The first occurrence of diabetes for a patient
Diabetes Insipidus
The twitching and quick movement of a delirium patient
Psychomotor agitation
