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Thorax > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Superior boundary of mediastinum

A

Superior Thoracic Aperture

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2
Q

Inferior boundary of mediastinum

A

Diaphragm

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3
Q

Anterior boundary of mediastinum

A

Sternum

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4
Q

Posterior boundary of mediastinum

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

Lateral boundary of mediastinum

A

Lungs and pleurae

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6
Q

Superior boundary of superior mediastinum

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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7
Q

Inferior boundary of superior mediastinum

A

horizontal plane

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8
Q

Anterior boundary of superior mediastinum

A

manubrium of sternum

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9
Q

Posterior boundary of superior mediastinum

A

T1 - T4

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10
Q

Lateral boundary of superior mediastinum

A

Lungs and Pleurae

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11
Q

Contents of Superior Mediastinum

A 
Remnant of thymus
Brachiocephalic veins and SVC
Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery
Aortic arch and branches
Trachea
Vagus N.
Oesophagus
Phrenic N
Cardiac Plexus
Left recurrent laryngeal N.
Thoracic duct and lymphatics

Remember before picking apples, take view of people coming lowering tasers

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12
Q

Superior boundary of anterior mediastinum

A

horizontal plane

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13
Q

Inferior boundary of anterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm

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14
Q

anterior boundary of anterior mediastinum

A

body of sternum and Xiphoid process

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15
Q

Posterior boundary of anterior mediaastinum

A

pericardium

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16
Q

Lateral boundary of anterior mediastinum

A

Lungs and Pleurae

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17
Q

Contents of anterior mediastinum

A

Remnants of thymus gland

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18
Q

superior boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

hornizontal plane

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19
Q

inferior boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm

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20
Q

anterior boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

pericardium

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21
Q

posterior boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

T5 - T12 vertebrae

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22
Q

Lateral boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

Lungs and pleura

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23
Q

Contents of posterior mediastinum

A 
Oesophagus
Vagus N.
Thoracic duct
Azygous V.
Descending aorta
Right and left symphthetic trunks
Lymph nodes

Oust Vodacom, take ADSL

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24
Q

superior boundary of middle mediastinum

A

horizontal plane

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25
Q

Inferior boundary of middle mediastinum

A

Diaphragm

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26
Q

Anterior boundary of middle mediastinum

A

Pericardium

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27
Q

posterior boundary of middle mediastinum

A

Pericardium

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28
Q

Lateral boundary of middle mediastinum

A

Lunds and Pleura

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29
Q

Contents of middle mediastinum

A

Pericardium and Heart

Great vessels:

  • Ascending aorta
  • SVA
  • Pulmonary trunk

Cardiac plexus

Phrenic N and Pericardialphrenic vessels

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30
Q

From where does the thoracic duct arist?

A

Chyle Cistern

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31
Q

What is the position of the chyle cistern

A

Anterior to L2 body
Posterior to abdominal aorta
Between aorta and Right Crus of Diaphragm

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32
Q

Course of thoracic duct

A

1: At T12, passes through Aortic Hiatus
2: At level of T4/T5, inclines to left side of median plane
3: Ascends posterior to aortic Arch on left side of oesophagus to traverse (pass through) superior thoracic aperture
4: Arches laterally and then inferiorly - anterior to subclavian artery - to enter left venous angle.

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33
Q

What is the Azygous vein formed by?

A

Union of:
Right lumbar vein
Right subcostal vein

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34
Q

Where does the azygous vein end?

A

Joins the SVC

35
Q

What are the tributaries of the Azygous Vein

A 
Hemizygous v.
Right posterior intercotal v.
Right superior phrenic v.
Right superior intercostal v.
Right costal v.
Oesophageal v.
Bronchial v.
Pericardial v.
36
Q

What is the pericardium composed of?

A

Superficial fibrous pericardium

Deep two-layered serous pericardium

37
Q

What is the visceral layer of the pericardium also called

A

epicardium

deep two-layered serous pericardium

38
Q

What separates the parietal and visceral layers of the pericarium

A

pericardial cavity which is filled with fluid

39
Q

What is type of tissues does the fibrous pericardium consist of

A

dense connective tissue

40
Q

What lies on the top layer of the parietal pericardium

A

superficial fibrous pericardium

41
Q

What attaches the fibrous pericardium to the diaphragm

A

pericardiacophrenic ligament

42
Q

What is the location of the transverse sinus

A

located between the aorta and pulmonary trunk anteriorly

and the left atrium and superior vena cavae posteriorly

43
Q

What is the function of the transverse sinus

A

connects the two sides of the epricardial cavity

44
Q

What is the location of the oblique sinus

A

between the pulmonary veins and inferior vene cavae posteriorly
between the pulmonary veins and left atrium anteriorly

45
Q

What is the function of the oblique sinus

A

it has no function - it is a blind sac (cul de sac)

46
Q

What makes up the heart wall

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium

47
Q

Describe the blood supply of the pericardium

A

Pericardiacophrenic artery
Internal thoracic arteries

Internal thoracic veins drain the area

48
Q

Describe the innervation of the pericardium

A

Phrenic nerves: Sensory fibres that control pain sensation

Sympathetic trunks: Vasomotor fibres

Parasympathetic supply comes from Vagus nerve

49
Q

What is the position of the heart

A

Middle mediastinum

Behind body of sternum and 2nd - 6th costal cartilages

One third lies to the right

Two thirds lies to the left

Opposite to T5 - T8 vertebrae (supine position)
Opppposite to T6 - T9 vertebrae (erect position

50
Q

Name the four borders of the heart

A

Superior
Right
Inferior
Left

51
Q

Describe the superior border of the heart

A

Formed by the two atria

Right 3rd costal cartilage on right side of sternum
to
2nd intercostal space on left side of sternum

52
Q

Describe the right border of the heart

A

Formed by the right atria

Extends from right 3rd costal cartilage to near right 6th costal cartilage

53
Q

Describe the inferior border of the heart

A

mainly formed by right ventricle and slightly by left ventricle

Sternal end of right 6th costal cartilage
to
midclavicular line in left 5th intercostal space

54
Q

Describe the left border of the heart

A

Formed mainly by left ventricle and partly by left auricle

Left 2nd intercostal space
to
midclavicular line in left 5th intercostal space

55
Q

Name the three surfaces of the heart

A

sternocostal
posterior
diaphragmatic

56
Q

What is the sternocostal surface of the heart formed by

A

RA, RV, LV, Left Auricle

57
Q

What is the posterior surface of the heart formed by

A

2/3: LA

1/3: RA

58
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart formed by

A

2/3: LV

1/3: RV

59
Q

What is the “BASE” of the heart?

A

Posterior surface of the heart

60
Q

What are the three openings for the right atrium

A

SVC
IVC
Coronary Sinus

61
Q

What are the notable internal features of the right atrium

A 
Anterior surface roughed by pectinate muscles
Posterior surface is smooth
SA node
Cristae terminalis
Fossa ovalis
Limbus fossa ovalis
Tricuspid valve
62
Q

Where is SA node located

A

Superior extent of cristae terminalis (separates anterior part from posterior), near the opening of SVC

63
Q

What is the embryological origin of posterior surface of right atrium

A

Sinus venosum

64
Q

What are the notable internal features of the left atrium

A

pectinate muscles

bicuspid valve

65
Q

What are the features that mark the ventricular walls

A

papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae

66
Q

What are the differences of the right ventricle when compared to the left ventricle

A

Walls 3x thinner

Trabeculae carnae are coarse and few

Three papillary muscles

Conrdae tendinae are few and short

Conical cavity shorter

Moderator band

67
Q

What are the differences of the left ventricle when compared to the right ventricle

A

Walls 3x thicker

Trabeculae carnae are fine and numerous

Two papillary muscles

Chordae tindinae are more and long

Conical cavity longer

No moderator bank

68
Q

Describe the moderator band. What is it also called?

A

Also called septomarginal trabecula

Specilised trabecula in RV extending from right side of ventricular septum to base of anterior papillary muscle

Carries right branch of bundle of HIS

69
Q

What makes up the heart valves

A

Endocardium with a connective tissue core

70
Q

What is the right AV valve

A

Tricuspid valve

71
Q

what is the left AV valve

A

Biscuspid (mitral) valve

72
Q

Where does the aortic semilunar valve lie

A

between left ventricle and the aorta

73
Q

Where does the pulmonary semilunar valve lie

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

74
Q

What forms the “lub”

A

closing of the atrioventricular valves

75
Q

What forms the “dub”

A

closing of the semilunar valves

76
Q

What is the location of the aortic valve

A

oblique

posterior to sternum at level of 3rd intercostal space

77
Q

What is the site for auscultation of the aortic valve

A

2nd right intercostal space, near the sternal border

78
Q

What is the location of the pulmonary valve

A

3rd costal cartilgae at the left side of the sternum

79
Q

What is the site for auscultation of the pulmonary valve

A

2nd left intercostal space, near the sternal border

80
Q

What is the location of the tricuspid valve

A

posterior to the body of sternum

At right 3rd/4th intercostal spaces

81
Q

What is the site for auscultation of the tricuspid valve

A

5th right intercostal space, near the sternal border

82
Q

What is the location of the mitral valve

A

posterior to the sternum, at the 4th left costal cartilage

83
Q

What is the site for auscultation of the mitral valve

A

5th left intercostal space - in the midclavicular line

Thorax (4 decks)

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