Lungs Flashcards
What type of membrane are the pleurae made up of
Serous membrane
What does the visceral pleura line
interlobular fissures. Covers lungs directly
What does parietal pleura line
internal surface of thoracic cavity
At what area are the pleurae continuous with each other
hilum of lung and pulmonary ligament
What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
pleural cavity
what does the pleural cavity contain
serous fluid
what are the functions of the pleural cavity
lubricates surfaces of pleurae
creates surface tension so that when the thorax expands, the lungs also expand
if air enters the pleural cavity of the lungs
pneumothorax
What are the types of parietal pleurae
mediastinal pleura
cervical pleura
costal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
what does the medistinal pleura cover
covers the lateral part of the mediastinum
what does the cervical pleura cover
lines extension of the pleural cavity into the neck
what does the costal pleura cover
covers inner aspect of ribs, costal cartilages and intercostal muscles
What does the diaphragmatic pleura cover
covers thoracic (superior) surface of diaphragm
What are the two pleural recesses
costomediastinal
costodiaphragmatic
where is the costomediastinal pleural recess
between the costal pleurae and the mediastinal pleurae —- behind the sternum
where is the costodiaphragmatic pleural recess
between the costal pleurae and diaphragmatic pleurae
why are the pleural recesses of clinical importance
pleural effusion can occur if fluid collects in them
What artery supplies the parietal pleura
Intercostal A.
Describe the nervous supply of the visceral pleurae
not sensitive to pain, pressure or temperature. Sensory fibers only detect stretch
Autonomic Innervation comes from pulmonary plexus:
sympathetic trunk and Vagus N.
Describe the arterial supply of the visceral pleurae
From bronchial arteries:
Branches of descending aorta
Also supplies parenchyma of lungs
Where is the hilum of the lung
Level of 2nd - 4th costal cartilages
What are the borders
Inferior border
Posterior border
Anterior border
Surfaces of the lungs
Base (diaphragmatic surface)
Mediastinal surface
Costal surface
What are the three lobes of the lungs
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
What does the horizontal fissure
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
What does the oblique fissure separate
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Wheree is the Azygous vein in relation to the esophagus
Lateral
What are the lobes of the left lung and what separates them
Superior lobe
inferior lobe
Separated by oblique fissure
Where is the lingula in relation to the left lung
On the mediastinal side of the superior lobe
Where is the esophatus and aortic arch in relation to the thoracic aorta
Lateral
What is the course of the Oblique Fissure (in it’s posterior view)
On both lungs:
In midline near spine of vertebra T4
Moves laterally in downward direction reaching rib 6 laterallly
Crosses 4th and 5th intercostal spaces
What is the course of the Oblique Fissure (in it’s anterior view)
On both lungs:
Follows contour of rib 6 and its costal cartilage
What is the course, in its anterior view, of the horizontal fissure
Follows contour of rib 4 and its costal cartilage
Begins from anterior border at level of 4th Costal Cartilage and runs horizontally to meet oblique fissure at midaxillary line
Where do the anterior borders of the lungs lie? What is its path in each lung
Adjacent to the anterior line of parietal pleura reflection, as afar as the 4th costal cartilage
On the left, they go laterallly and inferiorlly at the cardiac notch to reach the level of the 6th costal cartilage
On the right, it continues until xiphisteral joint in a straight line
What are the divisions of the tracheobronchial tree
Trachea Main bronchus Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
What are characteristic of the bronchopulmonary segments
Each has
its own bronchus
its own artery
How many bronchopulmonary segments does the upper lobe of the lung have? what are they?
3 lobes
Apical, Posterior, Anterior
How many segments does the middle lobe (or lingula) of the lung have
2 lobes
Medial
lateral
How many segments does the lower lobe of the lung have? What are they
5 lobes
Apical, 4 basal (anterior, medial, posterior, lateral)
What are the exceptions in the lung segments, in that they have a comon segmental bronchus
Apicoposterior segment of the left upper lobe
Anteromedial segment of the left lower lobe
What is the artirial suppply of the lungs? Where do these vessels arise
Bronchial arteries (of systemic circulation)
Left and Right Bronchial Arteries arise from the Descending Thoracic Aorta
What is special about the Right Bronchial Artery
It shares a common trunk with the third posterior intercostal artery
Describe the venous drainage of the lungs for the left and right lungs
Drained by the bronchial veins
Left:
Drains into accessory Hemiazygous Vein or the Left Superior Intercostal Vein
Right
Drains into Azygous Vein
What is the innervation of the lungs? What is also identical to it?
Lungs and Visceral Pleurae are both innervated in the same way
Parasympathetic: Vagus Nerve
Sympathetic: sympathetic Fibres of Sympathetic Trunk
What is the innvervation of the Parietal Pleurae innervated by?
Intercostal N
Phrenic Nerve
What is the lymphatic drainage of the lungs
Subpleural (superficial) and Deep Lymphatic Plexus
Bronchopulmonary (Hilar) Nodes
Tracheobronchial Nodes
(superior - L and R; Inferior - Carinal)
FROM THERE
R- Right Bronchomediastinal Trunk then Right Lymphatic Duct;
L- Left Bronchomediastinal Trunk then Thoracic duct
Bronchomediastinal Trunks each have a branch into the inferior deep cervical nodes
Describe the nerve supply of the parietal pleura
sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature
pain is well–localised
SUPPLIED BY PHRENIC AND INTERCOSTAL NERVES:
Costal Pleura: Intercostal nerve
Mediastinal Pleura: Phrenic nerve
Diaphragmatic Pleura: Phrenic nerve and inferior 6 intercostal nerves
