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Anatomy Quiz 3 > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior border of the mediastinum?

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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2
Q

What is the inferior border of the mediastinum?

A

Diaphragm

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3
Q

What is the anterior border of the mediastinum?

A

Sternum

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4
Q

What is the posterior border of the mediastinum?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

What is the lateral border of the mediastinum?

A

Pulmonary cavities/lungs

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6
Q

What divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts?

A

Transverse thoracic plane

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7
Q

Where does the transverse thoracic plane pass through?

A

Sternal angle and T4-T5

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8
Q

What structures are located in the mediastinum?

A

Thymus, heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, posterior vessels

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9
Q

What is the most anterior structure within the mediastinum?

A

Thymus

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10
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Development of T cells

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11
Q

What is involution?

A

Process of thymus becoming smaller and mostly fat during development from adolescence into adulthood

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12
Q

What 2 layers make up the pericardium?

A

Fibrous and serous

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13
Q

What layers make up the serous pericardium?

A

Visceral and parietal

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14
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium attached to?

A

Diaphragm and tunica adventitia of great vessels

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15
Q

Do the parietal and visceral pericardial layers become continuous?

A

Yes! Near the great vessels

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16
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between visceral and parietal serous layers

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17
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Another name for the visceral pericardium that is attached to the heart

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18
Q

What are the visceral and parietal serous layers attached to?

A

Visceral- heart

Parietal- fibrous pericardium

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19
Q

What great vessels are located in the mediastinum?

A

Ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior/inferior vena cavae, pulmonary veins

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20
Q

What does the ascending aorta connect?

A

Left ventricle –> aortic arch

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21
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk connect?

A

Right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs

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22
Q

What do the superior/inferior vena cavae connect?

A

Venous system –> right atrium

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23
Q

What do the pulmonary veins connect?

A

Lungs –> left atrium

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24
Q

What venous vessels form the SVC?

A

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

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25
Q

What venous vessels become the right brachiocephalic vein?

A

Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

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26
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava pass through?

A

Diaphragm at T8

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27
Q

What are the three parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending, arch, descending thoracic

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28
Q

What branches off the ascending aorta?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

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29
Q

What branches off the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

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30
Q

What branches off the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right common carotid artery, right subclavian artery

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31
Q

Where does the descending thoracic aorta start?

A

T4-T5

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32
Q

Where does the aortic arch lie?

A

Goes posterior and to the left

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33
Q

Where does the thoracic aorta lie?

A

Anterolateral to vertebral column

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34
Q

What branches from the thoracic aorta?

A

Bronchial arteries, esophageal arteries, posterior intercostal arteries

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35
Q

What do the bronchial arteries supply?

A

Lungs

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36
Q

What do the esophageal arteries supply?

A

Esophagus

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37
Q

What do the posterior intercostal arteries supply?

A

Chest wall

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38
Q

How far down does the thoracic aorta go?

A

Moves posteriorly to diaphragm at T12 and then becomes abdominal aorta

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39
Q

What branches off the pulmonary trunk?

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries

40
Q

Where does the right pulmonary artery lie?

A

Travels posterior to ascending aorta and SVC

41
Q

Where does the left pulmonary artery lie?

A

Travels anterior to thoracic aorta

42
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Connects pulmonary trunk to aortic arch during development to bypass lungs

43
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Remnant of the ductus arteriosus

44
Q

Where does the ligamentum arteriosum lie?

A

Aortopulmonary window

45
Q

Where does the trachea lie?

A

Posterior to great vessels

46
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4

47
Q

What are the lymph nodes surrounding trachea?

A

Tracheobronchial, paratracheal

48
Q

Where do the tracheobronchial lymph nodes lie?

A

At tracheal bifurcation

49
Q

Where do the paratracheal lymph nodes lie?

A

Along lateral side of trachea

50
Q

Where does the esophagus lie?

A

Posterior to trachea

51
Q

What does the esophagus connect?

A

Pharynx and stomach

52
Q

Where does the esophagus exit?

A

At T10 through esophageal hiatus

53
Q

Where does the accessory hemiazygos lie?

A

Superior to hemiazygos and left anterolateral to vertebral column

54
Q

Where does the hemiazygos lie?

A

Left anterolateral to vertebral column and inferior to accessory hemiazygos

55
Q

Where does the azygos vein lie?

A

Right anterolateral to vertebral column

56
Q

What does the azygos vein drain?

A

Posterior intercostal veins, esophageal veins, mediastinal veins

57
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain to?

A

SVC and IVC

58
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie?

A

Cisterna chyli moving anteriorly to vertebral column, right of the thoracic aorta, and left of the azygos vein

59
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Junction of left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

60
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Most of the body except the upper right quadrant

61
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie?

A

From base of skull to coccyx

Lateral to vertebral column and anterior to ribs

62
Q

What do the gray/white rami communicantes connect?

A

Connect sympathetic trunks to spinal nerves

63
Q

Where do the cardiac nerves originate from?

A

Cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia

64
Q

Are cardiac nerves pre or postganglionic?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic

65
Q

Are cardiac nerves sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

66
Q

What do the cardiac nerves innervate?

A

Viscera of thoracic cavity

67
Q

Where do cardiac nerves travel before innervating final structures?

A

Thoracic visceral plexuses (there are 3 of them)

68
Q

What are the 3 visceral plexuses of the mediastinum?

A

Cardiac, esophageal, pulmonary

69
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus?

A

Aortic arch

70
Q

Where is the pulmonary plexus?

A

Tracheal bifurcation and primary bronchi

71
Q

Where is the esophageal plexus?

A

Esophagus

72
Q

Where do the thoracic splanchnic nerves originate?

A

T5-T12 sympathetic ganglia

73
Q

Are thoracic splanchnic nerves pre or post ganglionic?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

74
Q

What do the thoracic splanchnic nerves innervate?

A

Viscera in abdominal and pelvic cavities

75
Q

What are the 3 types of splanchnic nerves and where do they originate?

A

Greater splanchnic- T5-T9
Lesser splanchnic- T10-T11
Least splanchnic- T12

76
Q

What are the 3 major nerves of the mediastinum?

A

Phrenic, Vagus, left recurrent laryngeal

77
Q

Where does the phrenic originate?

A

C3-C5

78
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves go in relation to the lung?

A

Anterior to roots of lungs

79
Q

What types of innervation are phrenic nerves?

A

Somatic efferent and somatic afferent

80
Q

What nervous system is the phrenic part of?

A

Somatic nervous system

81
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

Somatic efferent- diaphragm

Somatic afferent- central diaphragm, fibrous and parietal pericardium, mediastinal pleura, central diaphragm pleura

82
Q

What vessels travel along phrenic nerve?

A

Pericardicophrenic

83
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate?

A

Brainstem

84
Q

Where do the right and left vagus nerve lie?

A

Right- lateral to trachea

Left- anterolateral to aortic arch

85
Q

Where does the vagus nerve run in relation to the lungs?

A

Posterior to the roots of the lungs

86
Q

Which plexus do the right and left vagus nerves enter? And where?

A

Esophageal plexus

Right- posterior
Left- anterior

87
Q

What nervous system is the vagus nerve part of?

A

Autonomic - parasympathetic

88
Q

What types of neurons does the vagus nerve carry?

A

Parasympathetic, visceral afferent

89
Q

Where do the right and left vagus nerves go after the plexus?

A

After the esophageal plexus they come back together as the anterior and posterior vagal trunks

90
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve originate?

A

Vagus nerve near the aortic arch and posterior to ligamentum arterosium

91
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve lie?

A

Ascends lateral to trachea

92
Q

What type of neurons does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve carry?

A

Somatic efferent

93
Q

What nervous system is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve part of?

A

Somatic nervous system

94
Q

What does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

Larynx

95
Q

What are the 3 parts of the thoracic cavity?

A

2 pleural cavities, 1 mediastinal cavity

96
Q

Where do the IVC, esophagus and aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

I8
E10
A12 (also includes azygos, symp chain, thoracic duct)

Anatomy Quiz 3 (4 decks)

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