Media - Year 2 Flashcards
What is the pluralist perspective of media
Pluralists believe the opposite to all the others and suggests that rather than concentration there’s a wide variety of media available
Would a pluralist say that there’s a monopoly of power?
They would says there’s no monopoly of power and that consumer choice is the only market force.
In terms of the Sun Newspapers reporting of hillsborough - what are the for pluralism arguments
- The citizen journalism which came about
- adaptation of the story based of people’s reaction - the Sun came out and apologised
Hillsborough against pluralism
- at first media tried to protect police and put the blame on fans - express dominant ideology.
- news agencies were spreading lies to attract consumers
What do pluralists suggest about media professionalism?
Pluralists stress the professionalism of journalists and editors and argue that editors would never allow owners to compromise their independence.
What’s the type of journalism that targets those in power and an example of this.
Investigative journalism - Nixon bugging opponents offices which led to his resignation in 1972.
What did Miliband (1973) argue about mass media - Marxist perspective.
He argued that mass media represents an ideological instrument which plays a key role in the reproduction of class inequality.
What would a Marxist say about the concentration of media?
They would say the concentration of media is dangerously as capitalist ideas are being transmitted more intensely.
What would a pluralist argue about the content and presentation of media?
That is designed to make the target audience react. For example Five News is short and snappy for their aim of young audiences and the Sun is aimed at the working class through the language used
What would pluralists argue about the timing of news
That the news at certain times is destined for target audiences. For example, a lunchtime broadcast will be viewed by a stay at home parent so there may be price war ads.
What are the characteristics of the new media?
Digitalisation, Technological Convergence, Economic Convergence, Cultural Convergence, Interactivity,Choice, participatory culture, collective intelligence.
Is there a generation divide in the media?
Boyle (2007) - said that new media often associated with young people. Ofcom suggests 12-15 year olds are more likely than adults to do cross media multitasking. Generation divide however in decline as older generations are increasingly engaging in online activities.
What is the digital class divide?
Suggests that poor are excluded from new media usage because they are a digital underclass who cannot afford to keep up with middle class use of technology.
An example of the digital gender divide?
Men more likely than women to use chat rooms. Men played more computer games on console like Xbox
What 3 reasons do Neophiliacs argue is why the new media is beneficial to society?
Increased consumer choice, an e-commerce revolution, revitalising democracy.
What is conglomeration?
Refers to a business corporation that consists of different companies with diversifies interests in a very wide range of products or services
Affects of commercialisation - media and internet
More consumer choice, financial services offered online. How is data used? Encourages consumerism?
Lack of regulation in the media?
New media such as the internet offers access to sites that present racism,homophobia and incite terrorism.
What did Bagdikian point out about the concentration of ownership of the media in the US
That 50 corporations controlled the vast majority of all news media in the USA in 1983, but in 1992 22 companies owned and operated 90 percent of the mass media.
What did Curran suggest about the brittish newspaper industry - about concentration and ownership?
In 1937, four men - Lords Beaverbrook, Rothermere,Camrose and Northcliffe owned nearly one in every 2 national and local daily newspapers sold in the UK.
How much of Sky does Rupert Murdoch own?
39%
What is horizontal integration?
Refers to the fact that the bigger media companies own a range of different types of media outlets.
What is vertical integration?
The increasing trend of media multinationals to control all levels of production. For example Warner making its own films and distributing them to its own cinemas.
What is lateral expansion?
Occurs when a media company diversifys into new business areas in order to spread economic risk. This is because losses in one area can lead to profits in another. E.g Virgin.
What is synergy?
Involves media transnationals using their diversity to package the same product in several different ways therefore increasing profit. For example Warner Bros. Also selling Harry Potter wands.
What is technological convergence?
Refers to the trend of putting several technologies into one media delivery system such as the smartphone, tablet or laptop e.g apple.
Why would the dominant ideology suggest media is an agent. (Marxism)
Media is seen as an ISA (Althusser) which maintains the false class consciousness’s. An example of the media acting as an ISA includes the negative portrayal of asylum seekers and welfare claimants.
