Education Flashcards
What is material deprivation - external factor of educational achievement.
Lack of resources provided and the ability to purchase goods and services compared to others society.
What did Flaherty in 2004 say about money problems
Money problems in the family are significant to educational achievement.
What did Smith and Noble (1995) identify
The barriers to learning like school uniform, trips, transport etc.
Evaluation of material deprivation
Seen as deterministic by many sociologists. Poor Chinese students do almost as well as rich Chinese students
What is cultural deprivation
Where a person has inferior norms, value, skills and normals.
What are the 3 reasons why working class families fail to socialise their children according to cultural deprivation?
Language, parents education and working class subcultures.
What did Hubby and Tait discover in 2002? Language (cultural deprivation)
Parents use of challenging language improves cognitive performance
What did Bernstein in 1975 discover about speech codes?
Elaborated and restricted speech codes. Working class limited at restricted whilst middle class would use both
What did Berieter and Engelman discover about language in 1996?
That language used in lower class homes was deficient.
How does the education system favour middle class students (language)
Favours elaborate language for example in exam questions , favours middle class values, working class is more likely to feel excluded.
What Douglas in 1964 find about parents (parents education)
Found that working class parents place less value on education
What are working class parents less likely to do? (Linked to education)
Visit school less. Less likely to discuss progress therefore children will have lower levels of motivation for achievement
What did Freinstein say about parents education in 2008
Parents own education is the factor affecting children’s education
How do educated parents assist in education?
Educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist education
What did Sugarman in 1970 identify (4) about Working class subcultures
That there are 4 key features that act as a barrier: time orientation, attitudes to gratification, collectivism vs individualism and attitudes to luck
Time orientation between WC and middle class?
WC : live life to that moment rather than focus on future, MC: think ahead
Attitudes to gratification, WC and MC?
WC: seek immediate gratification (wage spent now. MC : put off pleasure - achieve greater later
Collectivism vs individualism , WC and MC?
WC: believes success is through collective action like a union strike. MC : success is through individual action (studying hard)
Attitudes to luck of WC and MC
WC : chances are based on luck. MC : chances based on ability and work
Reasons for working class subcultures to do with jobs?
MC jobs are secure and encourage long term planning and willingness to invest in qualification. WC jobs are less secure, with no career structure and less promotional opportunities.
What is cultural capital?
The social assets of a person that can be used to increase someone chances of success in life.
What did Evan’s in 2004 say about cultural capital?
That MC mums are able to use cultural capital to give their child a head start. Due to own knowledge of how they should be stimulated to learn pre-school years
What did Ball et Al say in 1994? Cultural capital
MC parents cultural capital to play the system and ensure their child is accepted at the school of choice. Through knowing teachers and application processes etc.
What is the definition of Ethnicity according to Lawson and Garrod (2010)?
People who share common history, customs and identity, as well as, in most cases, language and religion, and see themselves as a distinct unit
What does data show about certain ethnicity’s in the UK?
White and Asian pupils do better on average than black pupils. Girls do better than boys in all groups other than Gypsy/ Roma and travellers. Middle class children in all ethnic groups do better than working class
What’s a stereotype?
A simplified and often misleading representation of a group. Typical characteristics.
What’s a prejudice
A pre conceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
What’s discrimination
The unjust of prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially in the grounds of race, age or sex.
What are the 3 external factors of Ethncity and Educational achievement?
Material deprivation, racism in wider society and cultural factors, ethnicity and achievement.
What did Flaherty (2004) discover about Material deprivation.
Pakistani and Bangladeshi are 3 X more likely than white pupils to be in the poorest 1/5 of the population. African, Pakistani and Bangladeshi are 3X more likely to be unemployed than white pupils.
What did Data show in 2011 about Chinese girls on FSM compared to white girls not on FSM
86% of Chinese girls on FSM achieved 5 A*-C compared to 65% of white girls not on FSM
How do low income families from each ethnic group perform in the education system?
Poorer pupils who are eligible for FSM do less well than the better-off pupils who are not eligible for them.
What did Archer and Francis (2007) discover about parents of Chinese pupils.
That parents of Chinese pupils placed an exceptionally high value on education
What did Sewell argue about African Caribbean pupils and their underachievement (parents)
Relatively high proportion of Black African pupils are raised in lone parent families. Can lead to boys lacking a mole role model and discipline provided with. Can lead to many other things like : attracted to gangs, lack of concern for academic achievement
What are the 4 external factors why girls are achieving better than boys?
The impact of feminism, changes in the family, changes in women’s employment, girls changing ambitions
What are the 6 internal factors why girls are achieving better than boys at school?
Equal opportunity policy’s, positive role models in schools, GCSE and coursework, teacher attention, challenging stereotypes in the curriculum, selection and league tables.
What did DSCF (2007) say about the reason for the gender gap?
That the gender gap is mainly down to boys’ poorer literacy and language skills
What did Sewell (2006) argue about feminisation of education
That boys fall behind cause education has become feminised
What are the 2 different discourses that Read in 2008 discovered.
Disciplinarian discourse - where the teachers authority is made explicit and visible.
Liberal discourse - teachers authority is implicit and invisible
Norman in 1988 to do with gender role socialisation
From an early age, boys and girls are dressed differently, given different toys and encouraged to take part in different activities
What are gender domains?
Tasks and activities that boys and girls see as male or female territory and relevant to themselves
What 3 strategies do girls use to create a valued sense of self?
A hyper - heterosexual feminine identity, a boyfriend and being ‘loud’
What is the hidden curriculum
Messages and ideas that are not directly taught, but which children learn, and which are part of the normal routines and procedures of the organisation
How is the hidden curriculum transmitted
Hierarchy of management, insistence on punctuality, uniform, sets and levels , organisation of the classroom, teacher expectations
What is a subculture?
Groups within wider social groups whose attitudes, lifestyles and values are shared by the subculture members, and are significantly different from those in wider society
Where are anti-school working class subcultures predominantly found?
Found in the bottom streams of secondary schools according to Hargreaves
What is labelling?
When teachers pass judgment on their students based on pre existing stereotypes of what is the ‘ideal pupil’
What is self fulfilling prophecy?
When teachers label a pupil and make a prediction about them in relation to the label. Pupil internalises and it becomes apart of their self-concept
What is streaming?
Grouping pupils into classes for all or most of their lessons, so that a pupil is in the same group regardless of the subject being taught
What is Gilborn and Youdell educational triage
(1) Those who will pass anyway. (2) Borderline (grade 4/5 students) who are targeted for help. (3) hopeless cases
What are pupil subcultures?
Can be described as a group of pupils who share similar behaviours and views on school.
What is cultural capital?
The social assets of a person that can be used to increase chance of success
What was Bernsteins speech codes?
Elaborated and restricted speech codes. MC have access to both whilst WC are limited to restricted speech
What is material deprivation
The lack of resources provided and the ability to purchase goods and services compared to other people in society
What did Noon in 1993 discover to do with applications to UK companies and ethnicities when applying for a job
Sent letters to 100 UK companies alternating names. Found that replies to the stereotypical white name were more helpful and informative
What is the functionalist perspective on what a society is
That society is a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus.
What is Durkheim 2 main functions of education
Social solidarity- education does this by transmitting society’s culture. and specialist skills - education does this by teaching skills they need to play their part in the social division of labour.
Functionalist Theory on education - Parsons
That education is meritocratic - everyone is given an equal chance to succeed. In principle is but is based on other factors asswell
What is Althusser ISA and RSA
RSA- repressive state apparatus. Maintaining ruling class power by physical control.
ISA - ideological State apparatus- Maintains ruling class power by controlling proletariat ideas, values and beliefs.
What is neoliberalisms ideology - education
Neo liberals argue that the state should not provide services such as education, health and welfare and should instead leave it to the free market.
New Rights Ideology - education
Conservative political view, incorporates neoliberal economic ideas. Believe the state cannot meet people’s needs and that people are best left to meet their own needs through free market. Favours marketisation of education
What was the data from John Chubb and Terry Moe, in America to do with marketisation of education.
Study of 60,00 pupils from low income families. Evidence showed that pupils from low-income families consistently do about 5% better in private than in state schools.
What does the New right believe the states 2 main roles should be?
- the state should impose a framework in which students have to complete.
- that the state ensures a shared culture through the national curriculum
What would Gewirtz and Ball argue about the New right perspective (negative).
Both argue that competition between schools benefits the middle class who can use cultural and economic capital to access the more desirable schools.
What is the tripartite system - 1944
Three types of school : Grammar, secondary and technical schools. Would have to take 11+ to see where you fit in.
What is social cohesion
Refers to the bonds or ‘glue’ that bring people together and integrate them into a united society.
What is social mobility
Refers to movement of groups or individuals up or down the social hierarchy.
What is the hidden curriculum?
The parts of school that are taught but not part of the curriculum such as the way teaching and learning is organised.
What is social solidarity
The integration of people into society through shared values, a common culture, shared understandings and social ties that bring them together and build social cohesion.
What are particularistic values?
Rules and values that give a priority to personal relationships.
What are universalistic values?
Rules and values that apply equally to all members of society, regardless of who they are.
What is a meritocracy
A society where jobs and par are allocated on the basis purely of people’s individual talents, abilities, qualifications and skills.
What is human capital?
The knowledge and skills possessed by a workforce that increase that workforces’s value and usefulness to employers.
What is the equality of educational opportunity?
The idea that every child regardless of his or her social class background, ability to pay school fees, ethnic background, gender or disability, should have an equal chance of developing their talents and abilities and of doing as well as his or her ability will allow.
What is marketisation?
The process whereby services, like education or health, that were previously controlled and run by the state, have government or local council control reduced or removed altogether, and become subject to the free market forces of supply and demand, based on competition and consumer choice.
What is false consciousness?
A failure by members of a social class to recognise their real interests.
What is a ideological state apparatus (ISA)
Agencies which serve to spread the ideology, and justify the power, of the dominant social class.
What is Habitus?
The cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class, into which people are socialized, and which influences their cultural tastes and choices.
What is cultural capital?
The knowledge, language, manners and forms of behaviour, attitudes and values, tastes and lifestyle which give middle-class and upper-class students who possess them an in-built advantage in a middle-class controlled education system.
What is a subculture?
A smaller culture held by a group or class of people within the main culture of a society, in some ways different from the main culture, but with many aspects in common.
What is an anti-school subculture?
A group organised around a set of values, attitudes and behaviour in opposition to the main aims of a school.
What is an underachievement (education)
The failure of people to fulfil their potential - they do not do as well in education as their talents and abilities suggest they should.
What is labelling ?
Refers to the process of defining a person or group in a certain way - as a particular ‘type’ of person or group.
What is a stereotype?
A gernalized oversimplified view of the features of a social group, allowing for few individual differences between members of the group.
What is the halo effect?
When pupils become stereotyped, either favourably or unfavourably, on the basis of earlier impressions
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
Where people act in response to predictions which have been made regarding their behaviour, thereby making the prediction come true.
What is streaming?
Where students are divided into groups of similar ability in which they stay for all subjects
What is setting?
Where students are divided into groups of the same ability in particular subjects.
What is the educational triage?
Refers to the way schools divide pupils into 3 groups - those who are likely to succeed in exams whatever happens, those who have a chance of succeeding if they get some extra help, and those who have little chance of succeeding whatever is done. Schools concentrate on the first 2 groups and particularly the 2nd group, and basically write-off those who have little chance of success.
What is a pro-school subculture?
A group organized around a set of values, attitudes and behaviour which generally conforms to the academic aims, ethos and rules of a school
What is cultural deprivation? (Education)
The idea that some young people fail in education because of supposed cultural deficiencies in their home and family background, such as inadequate socialization, failings in pre-school learning, inadequate language skills and inappropriate attitudes and values.
What is elaborated code?
The formal language used by strangers and individuals in some formal contexts where explanation and detail are required, uses a much wider vocabulary than the restricted code. Traditionally used by middle class people.
What is restricted code?
The informal, simple, everyday language, sometimes ungrammatical and with limited explanations and vocabulary, which is used between friends or family members. Traditionally used by working class people
What is social capital?
The social networks on influence and support that people have.
What is compensatory education?
Extra educational help for those coming frm disadvantaged groups to help them overcome the inequalities they face in the education system and the wider society.
What is ethnocentrism?
Is a view of the world in which other cultures are seen through the eyes of one’s own culture, with a devaluing of the other.
What is privatisation?
Where services that were once owned and provided by the state are transferred to private companies
What is parentocracy?
Where a child’s education is dependent upon the wealth and wishes of parents, rather than the ability and efforts of pupils
Who said that the purpose of education is to build social solidarity and maintain a value consensus.
Durkheim - Functions of education
Who said that the purpose of education is to bridge particulatistic and universalistic values
Parsons - functions of education
What sociologist talked about role allocation - education
David and Moore - functions of education
What sociologists said that marketisation raises standards in education?
Chub and Moe - functions of education
Who said that education is an ideological state Apparatus
Althusser
What sociologists talked about the correspondence principle
Bowles and Gintis
Who said that education reproduces social inequalities as a result of cultural capital?
Bourdieu
Who said that teachers evaluate students based on their of the ideal pupil
Becker
Which sociologists done the experiment on labelling (“spurters”) and found that the students were then treated more favourably
Rosenthal and Jacobson
Who found that students in lower streams had more negative attitudes towards schools?
Smyth et Al
Who said that the A*-C economy means that hopeless cases are given up on
Gillbourn and Youdell
What sociologists came up with the idea of elaborated and restricted speech codes.
Bernstein
Who said that cultural capital gives middle class students an advantage?
Bourdieu
Who said that girls are more successful in coursework due to conscientiousness and preparedness?
Mitsos and Browne
Who said that there is a crisis of masculinity?
Mac an Ghaill/ Mitsos and Browne
Who argue that education has been feminised
Sewell
Who said that boys dominate the science classroom
Kelly
Who found that girls in single sex schools are more likely to take A level maths and physics
Leonard
Who said that lack of ‘tough love’ from lack of father replaced by gangs plus important influence of peer group. black boys responded to racist labelling in four ways – rebels, conformists, retreatists, innovators
Sewell
Who found that teachers are quick to discipline black students?
Gillborn and Youdell
Who said that institutional racism is the main explanation for ethnic inequalities
Gillborn
