Families -childhood Flashcards
What did Pilcher say about Childhood in 1995?
That childhood is seen as a clear and distinct life stage and children in our society occupy a separate status from adults.
What did Wagg in 1992 say about Childhoods universality.
That sperate age status isn’t found in all society’s. Says that there is no single universal childhood experiences by all.
What did Benedict in 1934 argue
That children in non industrial society’s were treated differently compared to their modern counterparts in 3 ways:
- take responsibilities at an early age
- Less value placed on children showing obedience to adult authority
- Children’s sexual behaviour often viewed differently.
What did Aries in 1960 say about childhood.
That in the Middle Ages childhood didn’t exist. Children weren’t seen as different once they had reached the stage of physical dependency.
Reasons for changes in the position of children
laws restricting child labour and excluding children from paid work, introduction of compulsory schooling, child protection and welfare legislation, growth of the idea of the children’s rights.
Reasons for changed in the position of children
Declining family size and lower infant mortality rate, children’s development became the subject of medical knowledge, laws and policies that apply specifically to children, industrialisation
What did evidence show about gender in childhood?
that boys and girls are socialised into a set of behaviours based on cultural expectations of masculinity and femininity.
What did Mcrobbie (2010) suggest about girls experience of childhood
That girls’ experience of childhood may differ from boys because parents see them as in need of greater protection from the outside world.
What did Chapman say about boys’ experiences of childhood.
calls boys’ experiences of childhood as ‘toning down their emotionality and familial intimacy’ so they effectively acquire the masculine skills and attitudes required for their adult roles as wage-worker and breadwinner.
What did Michael Et.al argue about money in the family in the case of childhood experiences?
suggests where families have limited budgets, they are more likely to invest in activities that enhance development for their sons than for their daughters.
How may childhood experiences differ on class?
Upper class May find that most of their formative years are spent in private boarding. Middle class May find that they are encouraged from early to go to University and professional career.
What Donzelot (1979) argue about poor families and the state
Donzelot argues that poor families and their children are more likely to be controlled and regulated by the state
What did Jafferis et.al 2002 found about children aged 7 in education
Found that by the age of 7, children who had experienced poverty had significantly fallen behind children of middle class background in maths, reading and other ability tests
What evidence is there that the experience of childhood may differ based on ethnicity and religion?
evidence Muslim, Hindu and Sikh children feel a stronger sense of obligation and duty to their parents than white children
What did Ghumann in 2003 find about religion and childhood
found that religion had a big impact on childhood experiences of Asians. Many Muslim children spent Saturday at Mosque.
What did O’Brien et.al find about race and gender particularly for Asian girls
Race and gender often have negative impact on childhood. Asian girls in particular not being allowed out on their own compared with young Asian males because of the parents’ belief that they were more vulnerable to racist attacks and abuse.
What did Neil Postman argue about the future of childhood?
That childhood is disappearing in the 21st century. He says this is due to mass media leading to children being exposed at early ages
What did Palmer in 2006 argue about the future of childhood.(toxic childhood)
That rapid changes in technology and social attitudes are damaging children’s development e.g junk food and computer games
What did Nick Lee suggest about the future of childhood
That childhood has not disappeared but instead become more ambiguous
What is the March of progress view on the position of childhood
That the position of children in western societies has been steadily improving and today is better than it has ever been
What did Lloyd De Mause say about childhood - March of progress
History of childhood is a nightmare. Further back we go the more likely children are to be killed,anondoned, beaten terrorised and sexually abused.
What is the main reason why he have changed our view of safeguarding and well being of children over time?
The child centred family
Toxic childhood- Palmer
Against the view that childhood is getting better.UK youth in above average rates for obesity, self-harm,drugs and alcohol abuse, violence, early sexual abuse and teenage pregnancies
What are the 2 ways conflict views (Marxists and feminists) criticise the march os progress view?
That there are inequalities among children in terms of the opportunities and risks they face. The inequalities between children and adults are greater than ever
What are the reasons why not all children share the same status and experience?
Gender differences, ethnic differences, class differences and cultural differences.
A study that showed how gender differences affect childhood experiences? (Cycling)
Hilman (1993) - found that boys are more likely to be allowed to cross or cycle on roads, use buses and go out after dark unaccompanied
A study that showed how ethnic differences affect childhood experiences
Brannen (1994) - 15-16 year olds and found that Asian parents were more likely than other parents to be strict towards their daughters.
What are the 3 conflict views against children’s social experiences and status?
Inequalities between children and adults. Neglect and abuse (child line 20,000 calls). Controls over children’s space (Sudanese kids study)
Child’s point of view - divorce example.
Smart et al (2001)- children played an active role in divorce and trying to make the situation better.
How many women who work full time undertake most household chores?
9/10
What’s it called when a women has to do more tasks at home after coming work?
Double burden or triple shift
What is the domestic division of labour
refers to the roles that men and women play in relation to housework, childcare and paid work. Sociologists are interested in whether men and women share domestic tasks equally.
When did housework originally arise?
During Industrial Revolution. Men became identified with wage labour whilst women domestic.
What did Talcoot Parsons say about roles in the family
Husband has an instrumental role while women has expressive
What’s the instrumental role?
Achieve success at work, breadwinner
What’s the expressive role?
Primary socialisation of children, emotional needs.
Criticisms of Parsons? Young and will mot study
Men are now taking a greater share of domestic tasks and wives are earning more money
What is a joint conjugal role?
Where couple share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend their leisure time together
What is the symmetrical family? Wilmott and young
Balance between duties : men more domestic and women as breadwinners
Has there been a rise in symmetrical family’s?
Young and Wilmmott found that was more common among younger couples who move away from family
Evidence of changing roles
7 out of 10 women of working age now have jobs
Data about division of labour when the women is employed?
More hours a woman is employed outside the home, the more domestic work appears to be shared.
What did Ann Oakley say about industrialisation?
Instead of helping women it isolated them more as it separated paid work from the home
Research on housework
Mary Boulton - Fewer than 20% of husbands had a role in childcare. However data could be outdated since was in 1983.
Do unemployed men do more housework?
McKee and Bell (1984) - unemployed young men did even less domestic work than hen they were in work
Do women have a lack of leisure time?
Less leisure due to work burden. David Morley said that women see the home as a place of work, men a place of leisure
Impact of paid work - negative for Ann Oakley study
Most women in Oakley study in 1970s were full time housewives. Today 3/4 of married or cohabiting women are economically active
2 different explanations for the unequal division of labour
Cultural or ideological explanation of inequality (patriarchal norms). Material or economic explanations of inequality ( rational for women to do more housework)
What did Gershunny find in 1994 - about couples and division of labour?
Couples whose parents had a more equal relationship are more likely to share housework equally themselves
What did Gillian Dunne discover in 1999 - lesbians and DDL
Found that lesbians had more symmetrical relationships
What did Kan find out to do with wages and DDL?
Every 10K more a women earns she does 2 hours less housework per week
What did Xavier and Ramos find about DDL when women is breadwinner and the man is unemployed
That he does as much domestic labour as she does
