Media Representations & Effects Flashcards
ETHNICITY Van Dijk (1991) - Media representations of ethnic groups
Media portrays immigrants as a threat to Dutch culture. Emphasised the need for fair representation
ETHNICITY Malik (2002) - Inaccurate representations of ethnicity
There is a reinforcement of racial stereotypes
Tokenism whereby a small group of people is used to represent the entire group
GENDER Tuchman (1978) - Symbolic annihilation of women
Women are systematically underrepresented in the media and reduced to stereotypes
GENDER Gauntlett (2008) - More equal gender roles in media
Men and women are still reduced to stereotypes - although there has been some progress. Needs to be more diverse gender representation in media
CLASS Jones (2012) - Portrayals of working class “chavs”
The media portrays the working class as being chavs - leading to discriminations and marginalisation of working class people
CLASS Nairn (1988) - Representations of the Royal family
Monarchy is a symbol of national unity, which exerts large influence over media and politics - although not power
AGE Heintz-Knowles (2002) - Portrayal of children
Advertising can make children feel a particular way about themselves - whether that is good or bad
AGE Landis (2002) - One-dimensional portrayal of older people
Negative stereotypes of older people need to be challenged through positive or diverse portrayals
MARXISM Miliband (1969) - Media is the new opium of the people
Similar to religion, the media has become the drug of choice for the people as it is a distraction owned by a small handful of families
PLURALISM Whale (1980) - Pluralist view of media representations
The media is controlled by different groups competing for importance and representation of their views
FEMINISM Mulvey (1975) - The male gaze
Camera angles, depictions and spectators in film all perpetuate the male gaze and objectification of women
POSTMODERNISM Strinati (1995) - Media saturation
Refers to the sheer amount of media and information that people are subjected to on a daily basis through different mediums
POSTMODERNISM Baudrillard (1994) - Hyperreality
Our understanding of the world is primarily influenced by simulations created by the media rather than our own experiences
Packard (1957) - Hypodermic syringe model
Outdated theory that the media directly influences our thoughts - doesn’t account for context and individuality
Bandura (1961-63) - Bobo doll experiment
Looked at how children learn aggressive behaviour by allowing them to play with a doll after adults were depicted playing with the doll
Katz and Lazarfeld (1965) - Two-step flow model and opinion leaders
The media influences opinion leaders who influence the rest
Hall (1973) Coding/decoding media
People either fully-agree, partially-agree or disagree with the statement based on certain cultural and social codes in the media
McQuail (1987) - Uses of the media
There are a lot of different uses for the media, serving a different purpose depending on the group of people being targeted
Anderson et al (2003) - Effects of violent song lyrics
Found that violent song lyrics can lead to more aggressive thoughts and feelings among young people
Wilkins (1967) - Deviancy amplification
Looks at how Agents of social control and the media can amplify a small issue into a very large issue - therefore leading to more social problems
Cohen (1972) - Folk devils and moral panics
Moral panics are used by the media for sensationalism and can therefore lead to fear among the population towards a particular group of people
Goode and Ben-Yehuda (1994) - Elements of a moral panic
5 key elements to moral panic:
Concern
Hostility
Consensus
Disproportionality
Volatility
These together form a moral panic
