Media and Information Literacy Flashcards by Nicolai jake Buot

It is the use of various visual media with or without sound. Generally. It includes still photography, motion picture photography, video or audio recording, graphic arts, visual aids, models, display, visual presentation services, and the support processes.

Visual Information

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of Visual Media

Photography
Video
Screenshots
Infographics
Data visualization (charts and graphs)
Comic strips/Cartoons
Memes
Visual note-taking

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Visual media produced by formal organizations such as schools, government, and established media/publishing outfits are considered formally produced. Other visual media are considered informally produced.

Formally and informally produced visual media

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Purpose of Visual Information

gain attention
create meaning
facilitate retention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common Visual Media File Types

Joint Photo Expert Group (JPG or JPEG)
Graphic Interface Format (GIF)
Portable Network Graphic (PNG)
Bitmap (BMP)
Photoshop Document (PSD)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Used in faster file format for images. It’s destructive, in that it compresses images into smaller file sizes, therefore degrading its quality. Avoid saving typography and logo designs. This file type also cannot be made transparent.

Joint Photo Expert Group (JPG or JPEG)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Despite the ongoing internet war, the term is pronounced as according to the format’s creator. It was developed to save raster types, graphics, and logos to “very small sizes”. As this web-only format uses limited index colors, it’s not ideal for images. It can, however, be animated and made transparent.

Graphic Interchange Format (GIF)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Created to replace the ‘GIF” format, which once required royalties for use, the type also has a color limit and only uses index colors Similarly, it can be made transparent and is not for print.

Portable Network Graphic (PNG)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Developed by Microsoft, this file format works similar to ‘GIFs” and “PNGs, it was designed to save simple yet sharp logos, types, and icons. It you’d like to print simple graphics, this is the format you should use.

Bitmap (BMP)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The native file format for Photoshop graphics. It’s optimized for print and photos but isn’t supported for web. Files can be made transparent and are able to contain masks. vectors, objects, layers and paths,

Photoshop Document (PSD)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Visual Design Elements

Line
Shape
Value
Texture
Color
Form

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describes a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be thick or thin. Lines may be actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or contour lines.

Line

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Usually a geometric area that stands out from the space next to or around it, or because of differences in value, color or texture. It may also be organic.

Shape

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The degree of light and dark in a design. It is the contrast between black and white and all the tones in between. It can be used with color as well as black and white.

Value

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is the extreme changes between values

Contrast

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The way surface frels or is perceived to feet. It can be added to attract of attract interest to a visual element. Visual texture is the illusion of the surfaces peaks and valleys, resulting in a feeling of smoothness or roughness in objects.

Texture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Determined by as hue (name of color), intensity (purity of the hues and value (lightness or darkness of hues. Color and color combination can play a large role in the design. Maybe used for emphasis, or may elicit emotions from viewers May be warm, cool, or neutral. It plays a major role in our visual perception, as influences our reactions about the world around us. It is therefore important to create color palettes that evoke the appropriate audience reactions

Color

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A figure having volume and thickness. An illusion of a 3-dimensional object can be implied with the used of light and shading. It can be viewed from many angles.

Form

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Visual Design Principles

Consistency
Center of Interest
Balance
Harmony
Contrast
Directional Movement
Rhythm
Perspective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Margins, typeface, typestyle, and colors is necessary, especially in slide presentations or documents that are more that one page

Consistency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An area that first attracts attention in a composition. This area is more important when compared to the other objects or elements in a composition. This can be by contrast of values, more colors, and placement in the format.

Center of Interest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A feeling of visual equality in shape, form, value, color, etc. It can be symmetrical and evenly balanced, or asymmetrical and un-evenly balanced. Objects, values, colors, textures, shapes, forms, etc., can be used in creating balance in a composition.

Balance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brings together a composition with similar units. If for example your composition was using wavy lines and organic shapes, you would stay with those types of lines and not put in just one geometric shape. (Notice how similar it is to Unity- some sources list both terms).

Harmony

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Offers some change in value creating a visual discord in a composition. It shows the difference between shapes and can be used as a background to bring objects out and forward in a design. It can also be used to create an area of emphasis.

Contrast

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A visual flow through the composition. It can be the suggestion of motion in a design as you move from object to object by way of placement and position. It can be created with a value pattern. It is with the placement of dark and light areas that you can move your attention through the format.

Directional Movement

A movement in which some elements recur regularly. Like a dance, it will have a flow of objects that will seem to be like the beat of music.

Rhythm

Created through the arrangement of objects in two-dimensional space to look like they appear in real life. Perspective is a learned meaning of the relationship between different objects seen in space.

Perspective

A media communication that used audio recordings to deliver and transfer information through the means of sound.

Audio Media

Types and Categories of Audio Information

1. Radio broadcast 2. Music 3. Sound recording 4. Sound clips/effects 5. Audio Podcast

Live or recorded audio sent through radio waves to reach a wide audience.

Radio Broadcast

Vocal and/or instrumental sounds combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. It is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product.

Music

Recording of an interview, meeting, or any sound from the environment.

Sound Recording

Any sound, other than music or speech, artificially reproduced to create an effect in a dramatic presentation, as the sound of a storm or a creaking door.

Sound clips/effects

A digital audio or video file or recording, usually part of a themed series, that can be downloaded from a website to a media player or computer.

Audio Podcast

Different ways of storing audio media

1. Tape 2. CD 3. USB drive 4. Memory Card 5. Computer hard drive 6. Internet/Cloud

Magnetic tape on which sound can be recorded.

Tape

A plastic-fabricated, circular medium for recording, storing, and playing back audio, video, and computer data.

An external flash drive, small enough to carry on a key ring, that can be used with any computer that has a USB port.

USB Drive

(a.k.a. flash memory card or storage card) is a small storage medium used to store data such as text, pictures, audio, and video, for use on small, portable, or remote computing devices.

Memory Card

Secondary storage devices for storing audio files.

Computer Hard Drive

Websites or file repositories for retrieving audio files, and more precisely the files are stored in some datacenter full of servers that is connected to the internet.

Internet/Cloud

Different Audio file formats

1. MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) 2. M4A/AAC (MPEG-4 Audio/Advanced Audio Coding) 3. WAV (Waveform Audio File Format) 4. WMA (Windows Media Audio)

A common format for consumer audio, as well as a standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback or music on most digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players.

MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3)

An audio coding standard for lossy digital audio compression. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves better sound quality than MP3 at similar bit rates.

M4A/AAC (MPEG-4 Audio/Advanced Audio Coding)

Is a Microsoft audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It has become a standard file format for game sounds, among others.

WAV (Waveform Audio Format)

Is an audio data compression technology developed by Microsoft and used with Windows Media Player.

WMA (Windows Media Audio)

Sound characteristics and Purposes: Characteristics of Sound

1. Volume 2. Tone 3. Pitch 4. Loudness

The magnitude of loudness and softness of an audio file.

Volume

The audible characteristic of a sound.

Tone

The quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone.

Pitch

The attribute of a sound that determines the magnitude of the auditory sensation produced and that primarily depends on the amplitude of the sound wave involved

Loudness

Purpose of sound

* Give instruction or information. * Provide feedback. * To personalize or customize

Are the objects or things that we have to work with.

Elements of Sound Design

Speech, conversation, voice over.

Dialogue

Any sound other than music or dialogue.

Sound Effects

Vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion.

Music

Absence of audio or sound

Silence

Are the techniques for combining the different elements or objects.

Principles of sound design

The combination, balance and control of multiple sound elements.

Mixing

Time control. Editing. Order of events: linear, non-linear, or multi-linear

Pace

Using left and right channel for depth

Stereo Imaging

How you get from one segment or element to another.

Transition

Types of transitions:

1. Segue 2. Cross-fade 3. V-fade 4. Fade to Black 5. Waterfall

One element stops, the next begins (“cut” in film).

Segue

One element fades out, the next fades in and they overlap on the way

Cross-fade

First element fades to inaudible before the second element begins

V-fade

V-fade with some silence between elements.

Fade to Black

As first element fades out, the second element begins at full volume. Better for voice transitions, than for effects.

Waterfall

Each picture is a frame and that motion is created by rendering or showing consecutively several frames per second.

Motion Media

24 frames (pictures) or more per second makes for a smooth animation.; videos, film, slides also make use of frames.

Motion Media

The series of graphics or images follow a sequence to create a story. This sequence is often called a storyboard which shows a set of components (audio, visual, videos, etc.) changing in time to create a story or a message.

Motion Media

Can be produced formally and informally. Informally produced motion media are created by individuals often for personal use. Formally produced motion media are created by professionals who follow industry standards in creating, editing and producing motion media.

Motion Media

Formal production of animations involves the following steps:

1. writing the story – writers and directors create story board 2. script is written and dialogue is recorded 3. animators sketch major’s scenes; in betweeners fill in the gaps 4. background music and background details are added 5. drawings are rendered

Animated GIF, Flash, Shockwave, Dynamic HTML

Animations

Motion media use large resources. Codes compresses and decompresses video files. Examples are H.26N series, Quicktime, DivX, MPG, MP4

Video Formats/Video Codecs

According to Purpose:

* Education * Entertainment * Advertising

According to Source:

* Personal * Social Media * Media Companies

According to Audience:

* Public / Private * General / Directed

Determining the Credibility of Motion Media:

* Validity of Information – it is peer reviewed and verifiable * Source * Relationship of the Author to the event * Technical methods of detecting tampering/fake video

Technical methods of detecting tampering/fake video:

1. Smoothness of video 2. Lighting coverage matches 3. Scale and size consistent

Advantages of motion media and information:

* It captures motion in a manner that can be viewed repeatedly * It can show processes in detail and in sequence * Simulations allow for safe observation * It can cut across different cultures and groups * It allows scenes, history, events and phenomenon to be created * It enables learning with emotions

Limitations of motion media and information:

* Compared to other forms of visual media the viewer cannot always interrupt the presentation. * It is often times more costly than other forms of visual media. * Other data may be presented best using still images. Examples are graphs, diagrams, maps. * It is subject to misinterpretation

Essential Elements of Motion Media:

* Speed * Direction * Motion Path * Timing

Can be constant or variable. The tone of the movement can be highlighted by the speed coupled with music. A fast movement gives vigor and vitality, intensifying emotions. A slow movement connotes lethargy, solemnity or sadness.

Speed

Refers to the route that the object will take. It shows the change in direction of a movement. It is important to note the triggers to the change in direction of an object. These triggers are often key objects or events in a story.

Motion Path

It can be objective or subjective. Objective timing can be measured in minutes, seconds, days, etc. Subjective timing is psychological or felt. Objective timing is used to produce subjective timing. Timing can be used to clarify or intensify the message or the event. Using a pause can help time the events.

Timing

Can indicate a movement from one direction to another. It can also refer to the growing or shrinking of an object. As objects move, the background must remain in scale with the object.

Direction

Design principles in creating movement

* Speed * Timing * Transitions * Sound and color * Cartooning * Blurring

Direction and timing should depict natural laws of physics. This included trajectories, impact on objects and reactions of the environment.

Speed

Affects recall. Fast movement sends much information Slow movement provides emphasis and lasting recall.

Timing

Are used to switch between scenes. Having a clear start and finish in your motion path or scenes Using neutral colors at the start or end of a scene is a good method for creating the right mindset. It is important to know which type of transition to use as this sets the tone for the next event and should provide a smooth connection from one event to another.

Transitions

Adds depth and meaning to movement.

Sound and color

Your graphic and text provides dynamic movement. This can be done by using the following movements: stretching, rotating, squashing

Cartooning

Can be used in different ways. In animation, blurring can provide the illusion of fast movement. In videos, it is often used to censor information for security or decency.

Blurring