Media Flashcards
1
Q
Types of media ownership
A
Private ownership–individuals, families, or shareholders.
State ownership–own and fully controlled by gov.
Public service broadcasting ownership–controlled by states, but are impartial in broadcasting.
2
Q
Media reform coalition
A
March 2021, just 3 companies dominate 90% of national newspaper market and 80% of the market.
Facebook control three of the top five social media media services
3
Q
Curran
A
1937 4 men old owned approximately half of all newspapers sold nationwide so not much has changed in recent years.
4
Q
What’s vertical integration?
A
The process in which media company attempts to control all aspects of their industry to maximize profits.
5
Q
What’s horizontal integration?
A
The process in which media organization acquires different kinds of media.
6
Q
What’s global conglomerations?
A
Large organizations with international presence, have a wide range of product and services across many companies.
7
Q
What are the two fold process of synergy?
A
- media companies produce other products associated with primary product.
- advertise their product through own means.
8
Q
What’s technological convergence?
A
Several pieces of technology are put into one media products
9
Q
Bagdikian ‘media monopoly’
A
Examine media ownership and control, media ownership concentration is not new, in 1983, 50 corporations involved in media ownership in USA but by 1992, 22 corporations control 90% of media outlets and by 2004 reduced to 7.
10
Q
Media regulations:legal policies
A
The laws of liberal-prevent publication of untrue statements.
The racial and religious hatred act and equality act-Forbid publication of opinion that will encourage discrimination.
The obscene publication act-for bid anything a quote deems obscene.
Super injunction-Prevent media from reporting story details and mention existence of the injunction itself.
11
Q
Media regulations: regulatory bodies
A
Ofcom-independent, considers all complaints about programs against broadcasting code.
BBC Trust-Independent of BBC management, accept complaints on issues like editorial content, TV, licensing, and digital switchover.
Advertising standards agency-considers whether advert are legal and truthful by measuring against advertising codes.
12
Q
Media regulations:gov
A
Holding official gov press conferences and briefings, ensure gov line is presented.
Spin doctors.
Refusing broadcast license.
Electronic surveillance
13
Q
Marxism and media:audiences are passive (Millband)
A
Media is a tool used by dominant group.
New opium of people.
Control also imposed economically on media’s workforce, must produce what their boss want to keep their job.
14
Q
Marxism and media:owners influencing media
A
Media owned by R/C, use it to spread capitalist ideology and create false class consciousness
15
Q
Marxism and media:gov and owners control media (Tunstall and Palmer)
A
Gov offer regulatory favors
16
Q
The Leveson inquiry
A
During its investigation into culture, practice and ethics of the press, uncovered links between media owners and gov
17
Q
Eva:Marxism
A
Neophiliacs, developments of new media makes it difficult to be tightly controlled by R/C.
Independent bodies to control content.
Levene, fluid rather than concentrated media ownership
18
Q
Neo Marxism and media:journalists
A
Media owners have less direct impact on media instead its selected and influenced by media professionals.
Despite lack of direct influence, still produce contents support dominant ideology
19
Q
Glasgow media group
A
Most journalists are white M/C male
20
Q
Neo Marxism and media:hegemony (Gramsci)
A
Dominant ideology is constantly reinforced in society, the norm.
Ideological state apparatus and false class consciousness
21
Q
Neo Marxism and media:techniques of media owners
A
2 techniques are used in media to ensure hegemonic values are transmitted in media:
Agenda-setting
Media place more importance on certain stories and narratives, limited media arguments.
Gatekeeping
Media hold certain info back as it doesn’t fit the ideology
22
Q
Eva:Neo Marxism
A
Media often present criticisms of dominant ideology to attract audiences and get more profit.
Traditional Marxism, underestimate true power of media owners.
Hall, no total dominance
23
Q
Pluralism and media:audiences in control of media
A
Media is driven by economic factors.
Consumer hold purchase lower and decide content
24
Q
Pluralist (Whale)
A
Media owners have global problems so cant concerned with the date today running of the media outlets
25
Neo Marxism and media:new media
Audiences have the platform to create own content.
Rise in citizenship journalism.
26
Neo Marxism and media:active audiences
Audiences have range of choices so actively choose the best media for them.
Media diversity.
Pick n mix
27
Eva:pluralism and media
Curran et al, call analysis of UK, USA ad the mark media outlets, use dumbed down and tabloidization to attract audiences.
Inc media outlets doesn’t mean media diversity, a relatively small number of media corporations can satisfy majority of consumer demand.
Media organizations are limited in what they can offer due to advertising restrains.
Logan, old media may actually have larger audiences 
28
What’s old media?
Produced for one single purpose on one platform
29
What’s new media?
Screen based, digital technology that distribute and enables consumption of media products which have integrated images, text and sounds
30
Key features of old media
Delivers content through separate media platforms.
Communicate one message in one way to specific audience.
Individuals can take or leave.
31
Key features of new media
Digitality
Virtuality
Hypertextuality
Dispersal
Interactivity
32
Effect of new media in old media
Vast horizontal integration between old media companies and new media platforms.
Led to synergy between new and old media platforms.
New media declined popularity of old media forms
33
New media users:age
92% adults in UK excess Internet yes and 54% in 2005.
Weekly hours of Internet about adults increased from 9.9 hours to 25 hours in 2021.
90% of people access the Internet through different technologies.
12-15 years old more likely to be engaged in cross media multi tasking.
Reduce generation divide as older age increasingly engage in online activities.
34
New media users:class
Digital underclass
Poor excluded from new media usage. 95% of higher socioeconomic group use range of new media devices and 75% in lower socioeconomic groups.
35
New media users:gender
Men likely to use email or chat rooms and played more computer games than women.
Males likely to excess the Internet, female likely to go online and look at social media.
Boys likely to play violent video games and girls prefer to social interaction aspect of games
36
Effect of new media:lack regulation
New media need state regulation due to the easy access to sites with neg content
37
Effect of new media:alone together theorists
Turkle
Full-time our Internet and always connected to each other.
Living stone
Children today communicate more with the virtual world
38
Effect of new media:reduced power of ownership theorists
McNair
Elite groups have less power and influence on news agendas, top down control is replaced by cultural chaos.
Philo
Impact agenda–setting us gives access to alternative sources of info.
Bivens
Argues shift is only slight, elite groups are adapting to keep control.
39
Globalization and new media
Transformed the way people communicate and interact.
Inc oppor and risk
40
Neophiliac and media:inc consumer choice
Convergence and interactivity inc consumer choice
Competition improve quality 
41
Neophiliac and media:an e commerce revolution
E retailers have been successful and undermined high street sales.
Resulted in more choices for consumers as it inc competition.
42
Neophiliac and media:revitalizing democracy
Offer oppor to acquire education and info.
Internet spread a range of info.
Info is everywhere and easy to access so more democracy
43
How has the Internet been used in a variety of political ways?
To monitor illegal activities of big businesses.
To harness mass support for causes.
To coordinate protesters and activist.
44
Eva: Neophiliac and media
Keen, social media causes digital narcissism.
Conford and Robins, new media is just mix of old and new media.
Jenkins, Media is developed by big media corporations so more concentrated ownership
45
Cultural pessimist and new media:not so new media (Conford and Robins)
The only new aspect is the real time speed
46
Cultural pessimist and new media:commercialization (Conford and Robins)
Shift Internet use from educational to commercial.
Inc customer surveillance via cookies.
Create a false aims and materialism.
47
Cultural pessimist and new media:domination by media conglomerates (Jenkins)
Undermines media democracy.
Media is dominated by a small number of large conglomerate so Internet is still controlled by one company.
48
Cultural pessimist and new media:reinforce elite power (Conford and Robins)
Big media corporations are looking to monopolize new media.
Corporations still have large amount of power and influence.
New media is strengthening the influence of powerful.
49
What’s candy floss culture?
On surface it looks amazing but actually means nothing and don’t make you think
50
Media changes caused by globalization (Carothers)
More interaction between people and ideas go beyond traditional nations state borders.
Global events have become local events due to the speed of communication
51
Media changes caused by globalization (Cohen and Kennedy)
Societies that were once distant and independent are increasingly interconnected and interdependent
52
Media changes caused by globalization (Bell)
People exposed to complex world that shapes and re-shapes their identities
53
Media changes caused by globalization (Giddens)
In the past 40 years, global media market dominated by 20 media corporations.
Globalization of media outlets and products allowed economic growth of transnational media companies. Media has transformed the time and space.
Global advertisement.
54
Media changes caused by globalization:ownership and control (Held et al)
5 major impact on media ownership due to globalization:
Inc media ownership concentration
Shift from public to private ownership
Transnational structures
Diversification’s
Media merges
55
What’s high culture?
Elites regard the highest intellectual achievement.
Vital to social and cultural health and well-being of a society.
English high culture is globally renowned.
Something we have to find in real life.
56
What’s popular culture?
Products of mass media.
May need entertainment focused.
Global culture.
57
Media is creating a global popular culture
Ritzier, Global conglomerate are operating on a global scale and promote a global culture along with a global consumer lifestyle.
Advances in multimedia technology and digitization of cultural products mean media conglomerates now operating in global market, allow global popular culture to spread.
Western tv and production companies sell programs globally, creating a global popular culture.
The media is an agent of Americanization, cultural symbols has contributed to global dominance.
58
Media is not creating a global popular culture
Robertson, glocalization.
Flew, New media technologies allow users to create and distribute their own media content and generate on popular culture.
Reverse flows of media.
Storey, Individuals adopt commodities and change to meet local context
59
Postmodernism and media
Changed from modern societies based on industrial manufacturing to post modern societies based on consumption.
Rapid expansion in media technology lead to a media saturated society.
Media and popular culture are now more influential.
60
Postmodernism and media:media and identity
Change the shaped consumption patterns by making consumers more aware of diversity of choices. Blurring of high and popular culture.
Global media is essential in the rapid speed of consumption.
61
Postmodernism and media:media saturation
Produce a more media literate audience, aware that there is no such thing as a single an absolute truth.
62
Postmodernism and media:participatory culture (Jenkins)
Involvement of users, audiences, consumers and fans in the creation of culture and content.
63
Postmodernism and media:media and popular protest (Murthy)
Investigated impact of Twitter, found global media sites inc political awareness and help coordinate mass political response.
64
Effect of global media on local cultures
Thompson
Globalization of communication is so intensive and extensive that’s all consumers are citizens of the world ad locality.
Local culture adapt to global culture.
Cohen and Kennedy
Local don’t abandon cultural traditions.
Mix and match.
65
Postmodernism theorist
Baurdrillard
Hyperreality–the way the media presents a distorted view of the world.
Simulacra-artificial images don’t reflect real world but meaning is understood.
Garrod
Hyper reality and reality boundary blurred.
Strinati
Shapes consumer choices.
Create desire and pressures individuals to conform.
No longer interested in quality but just conforms to the standards set by media.
66
Cultural imperialism:commodity fetishism
Products of popular culture will enhance the life of user.
Many see smart phones as extensions of their self and feel disconnected when they’re without it.
67
Cultural imperialism:false needs
Consumers need to have a particular product to conform to a modern lifestyle.
Consumers persuaded that they are central to their lifestyle and identity.
Often have a short lifespan.
68
Cultural imperialism:conspicuous consumption
Particular product add the popular culture it generates are presented as having more status than other items.
Constantly encourage to get the ‘right’ product
69
Cultural imperialism (Adorno and Marcuse)
Role of global mass media is to indoctrinate global consumers into capitalism ideology and produce a homogenized culture that mainly promote capitalist values.
70
Hyper globalist
Globalization help society creates a pos change that in riches culture rather than replacing
71
Americanization (Flew)
Globalization is Americanization.
US pushes their popular culture on less powerful countries.
72
Americanization (McChesney)
American imperialism is a result of increasing concentration of media companies in a few powerful American transnational media corporations, allows American culture to flourish
73
Americanization (Crothers)
American produced A/V media shows the American way of life, lead to global culture icons.
Social media allows American culture to reach masses quickly.
74
Impact of cultural imperialism
Mass advertising of western cultural icons made their logos become powerful symbols in developing world.
Kellner, global media culture create sameness and erase individuality and differences.
Crothers, fear everyone will end up the same.
75
Americanization (Fuchs)
Owners of transnational corporations dominate world trade in popular culture and influence gov, threatens democracy
76
Americanization (Barber)
Rise of Islamic fundamentalism, sees American popular culture as a threat the end of mice their commitment to God.
77
Americanization (Putnam and Turkle and Keen)
Putnam and Turkle
Smart phones make people less engaged in local culture.
Cause lack a sense of belonging to real communities.
Keen
Global media are too wrapped in me culture to be effective tools for social change
78
What’s symbolic annihilation?
Lack of visibility, and the representation of certain groups in media.
79
What’s binary opposition?
Play two opposing concept with the media, one is seen as superior.
80
Feminism and media representation
Mulvey
Visual pleasure, camera being a male eye, I women are filmed to be looked at, men do the looking.
Tuchman
Content analysis of TV shows, woman found in a limited number of situation.
Gauntlett
Content analysis of primetime TV shows, inc in main female characters dec in housewife representation.
81
Marxist hegemony and representation
Power achieved by dominant groups persuade subordinate groups that the social situation is in their interest
82
Liberal pluralist and representation
Mass media reflect what audience already believe and think.
83
Postmodernism and representation
Media saturated society which dominate the way we define ourselves and the world around us.
Increasingly difficult to distinguish from reality.
84
Pos representation of U/C
Nairn
Monarchy, represented in a ways just like us.
Sig interest in royal.
Royal events treated like national events.
Newman
Huge focus but only represents a very small proportion of the population.
Wealth is presented as deserved
85
Neg representation of U/C
Represented in neg light, allow people to question why they doing so little but so rich.
Expansion of the super rich, not just royal often portrayed as neg.
86
Pos representation of M/C
O’Barr
M/C values are filtered into advertising.
Over represented lead to M/C culture presented as normal and give false needs.
Moore et al
Evidence show M/C is the most dominant group featured in media.
Neo Marxism
F/C are the dominant group of society and media.
M/C characters often concerned with declining moral standards.
M/C also the target audience for many media.
87
Neg representation of M/C
Mix of values in society, inc fam diversity. Media start to respond to this.
Increase in cheap goods reduce influence of M/C values.
Attention has also diverted to the super rich.
88
Pos representation of W/C
Pluralism
Reflect views of audience.
Gauntlett
Media doesn’t represent in the same way due to media industry diversity.
Salt of the earth representation, W/C presented as simple for good.
89
Neg representation of W/C
Curran and Seaton
Content aims at W/C suggest they have a disinterest in public affairs instead they value media text that discuss infotainment.
Butsch
Examined TV in USA, found persistent image of the W/C as dumb, funny, immature and irresponsible.
Jones
W/C community and lifestyle is idealized and romanticized, filtered through M/C media gaze.
Webster
Represent poor as chavs, ensures little public concern or sympathy for their difficulties.
90
Pos representation of youth
Headliners
7 deadly stereotypes eg angels, cute, victims etc.
New media lead to emergence of used beginning to speak out about neg portrayal.
Young people using newly created technology to challenge adult gaze representation of them
91
Neg representation of youth
Portrayed as rebellious, selfish, drug etc.
Women in journalism
Found teenage boys were most frequently described using neg terms, rainforest is stereotypes.
Hebdige
Dominance representation of youth is often neg, seen troublesome.
Cohen
Folk behavior and moral panic amplifies youth behavior.
92
Pos representation of elderly
Williams and Yianne
6 pos representation eg golden anger, perfect grandparent, mentor etc.
Weaver
By 2035, 65+ projected to make up 25% UK population, big consumers that media must pay attention to.
Institute for Fiscal studies
Estimated around 80% of wealth in Britain is held by aged 50+.
Biggs
Elderly increasingly being used in advertising campaigns.
White et al
Under representation of older women but older men are given roles that portrayed and pos.
93
Neg representation of elderly
Willis
Represented in stereotypical way.
Cuddly and Fiske
Fictional portrayed as figures of fun and comic relief drawing on mental or physical impairment.
Age concern
Elderly are symbolically annihilated from media.
Szmigin and Carrigan
Elderly year advertisement may alienate younger audiences so symbolically annihilated in fashion and over represented in food, financial services etc.
94
Heterosexual represented as dominant in media
Watney
1980s, homosexual men what are the center of a moral panic over AID. 
Gill
Homosexuality is represented in a sanitized way.
Craig
Homosexual characters having particular characteristics e.g. calmness and machoness.
Gerbner
Homosexuals symbolically annihilated.
95
Heterosexuality not represented as dominant.
Inc in representation of homosexuals.
Rise in media that specifically focuses on homosexuality.
Gauntlett
Changing for the better, portrayed as human rather than sexuality but still underrepresented
96
Pos representation of EM
Range of media agencies owned, manage and controlled by EM.
Abercrombie
More BAME characters, not just tokens?
Rise in grassroots campaigns, highlights benefits of immigration.
He complains to overcome the image of tenancy.
97
Neg representation of EM
Ameli et al
British media is ethnocentric.
BBC news online
Black and Asian are often represented in very limited roles due to tokenism.
Programs dedicated to minority issues have been catalyzed and often scheduled very early or late
Van Dijk
EM represented as abnormal in relation to their cultural practices.
Portrayed as a threat to majority white population.
Black Afro Caribbean often presented as criminals.
Black African as dependent.
98
Pos representation of females
Inness
Changing female roles pos
McRobbie
Rise in feminism, roles models on magazines.
99
Neg representation of females
Mulvey
Represented through male gaze, as sexual objects.
The leveson enquiry
Tabloid press often failed to show consistent respect for the dignity and equality of the women.
Ferguson
Cult of feminity, tell girls behave within traditional roles so they’re good girls.
Tuchman et al
There a chief but I ignored or minimized, interest and pursuit trivialized and devalued.
Foundation
Limited coverage of women’s sport.
Children now
Female characters in video games are highly sexualized or victims of violence
100
Pos representation of males
Mort
Metrosexual male concept are emerging.
Gauntlett
Male representations are changing, new man
101
Neg representation of males
Easthorpe
Myth of masculinity.
Rutherford
Represent male in the traditional way.
Gilmore
Maoz represented as provider, protector and impregnator.
Children now
6 stereotypical representations of male e.g. joker, strong silent type, action hero etc.
Macnamara
75% mass media representations of men are portrayed as predominantly evil and using relation to aggre.
102
Pos representation of disabled
Ellis and Kent
New media allow them to challenge stereotypical representations.
ComRes
Conducted a study after Paralympic games in 2012, concluded perception of disability is changing and improving.
Mind and Rethink
Mental health charities launched time to change, provide support to disabled.
103
Neg representation of disabled
Barnes
White M/C able bodied male gaze.
Glasgow media group
Research on representation of disabled, found is changing but still overwhelmingly neg.
British social attitude survey
79% thought media negatively and discriminatorily represent disabled.
Philo et al
Examine in the portrayal of disablement with TV dramas and entertainment, often used as a source of humor and treated unsympathetically.
Despite making up 20% of UK’s population, audio count for 1% of overall TV population.
Ofcom
Disabled represented with senses impairment or disfigurement and wheelchair was too often used as an icon of disability.
104
Media and violence theorists
Gerbner
Causal relationship between screen and real life violence.
Dworkin and Morgan
Strong relationship between consumption of pornography and sexual crime.
Wolf
Causal link between representation of size 0 models in magazines and eating disorders.
105
Media causes violence
Bandura et al
Bobo doll experiment, into effect of media violence.
Dill
Those responsible for Columbine School Massacre were influenced by the video game Manhunt.
Newson
Media violence can lead to real life violence.
Himmelweit et al
Drip drip effect, desensitized
106
Media doesn’t cause violence
Gauntlett
Eva Bandura lab experiment.
Buckingham
Children are media literate, can differentiate between fact and fictional.
Gerbner
No link between media and audience violence, no evidence.
Fesbach and Sanger
Screen violence allow them to immerse, catharsis.
Young
Seeing violence and consequences make audience sensationalized and less likely to commit.
107
What’s hypodermic syringe model?
Media has direct and immediate impact on audience
108
Hypodermic syringe model theorists
McCabe and Martin
Media portray violence as heroic, led to imitation.
Dworkin
Pornography trivializes rape.
Habermas and Marcuse
Media has strong affect ideologically upon audiences.
Packard
Consumers persuaded to consume goods and not being aware of it.
109
Eva theorists:hypodermic syringe model
Outdated, oversimplified and over exaggerated.
Cumberbatch
Looked at over 3500 studies into effect of screen violence, no conclusive evidence that media violence change people’s behavior
110
Two step flow model
Media content is not uncritically and blindly accepted, audience are negotiating a disgusting the meaning with opinion leader
111
Two step flow model (Lamb)
Looked at use of twitter, content is filtered, mediated and selected by opinion leaders.
112
Two step flow model (Katz and Lazarsfeld)
Audience is affected by media in 2 steps.
1.opinion leader view and select media to form a view about.
2.opinion leader then pass the info with opinions attached, audience then influenced by the bias.
113
Eva:two step flow model
Shannon and Weaver
Original message is lost, not the media that effect audience but opinion leader.
Assumes audience are passive.
Socially isolated individuals may be most a risk of being influenced.
Failed to explain why only opinion leaders directly influenced and other members are only indirectly.
Rise of new media and social media led to a decline of opinion leaders.
114
Selective filter model (Klapper)
For media message to have any affect you must pass through 3 filters.
1. selective exposure–must choose to view the media.
2. selective perception – must accept the message.
3. selective retention-have to stick in their mind.
115
What’s uses and gratifications model?
Audience is active and uses the media for their pleasure and interest.
116
Uses and gratifications model (Lull and Wood)
Lull
People use media to satisfy particular social needs.
Wood
Teenagers may use horror movie to gratify need of excitement.
117
Uses and gratifications model (Blumler and McQuail)
Identified 4 basic needs that people use media to satisfy:
Diversion-make up for lack satisfaction at work or in daily lives.
Personal relationships-compensate for decline of community.
Personal identity-make over or to modify their identity.
Surveillance-obtain info to help make up their minds on particular issues
118
Uses and gratifications model (Park et al and Hallahan)
Park et al
Used model as a basis for their research in Facebook groups, found groups were used by users to satisfy multiple needs.
Hallahan
Audience have ability to view media but focus on aspects meaningful to them.
119
Eva:uses and gratifications model
If the model was true, why do advertising agencies spend billions each year so it does have a clear and measurable effect.
Marxism, social needs is socially manufactured by media.
Different media outlets may offer different viewpoints but subscribe to very similar core values.
Over emphasize choice that media audiences hold.
120
Reception analysis model (Morley)
Audience didn’t automatically accept media‘s perspective, choose to interpret media contact in 3 ways:
Dominant reading-accept media Contant as legitimate.
Oppositional reading-opposes views expressed in content.
Negotiated reading-audience reinterpret content to fit in with own opinions and values.
121
Cultural effect model
Media is a very powerful ideological influence that transmits capitalist n+v.
Unconsciously shared.
TV content dumbed down.
122
Cultural effect model (Hall)
Media text art encoded by media professionals to support and transmit dominant hegemonic viewpoints.
123
Eva: Cultural effect model
+
Gerbner, media create distinctive attitudes that audience overtime adopt.
Klapper, people use their own life experiences to interpret, decode and filter their response to media text.
-
Corner, can’t be empirically measured.
Failed to recognize how media professionals can criticize dominate ideology.
Philo, can make own interpretation of content
Difficult to establish causal relationship
124
Postmodernism model (Baudrillard and Strinati)
Baudrillard
Media saturated society.
Opinions formed through media.
Media replaced influence of social groups.
Individuals have autonomy and reflexivity to be sig affected or not affected by mass media.
Strinati
Media, the most influential in shaping identity.
Offer a range of consumption choices for identities and lifestyles.
Media transmit the idea that consumption of symbols is more important than the goods.
125
News as socially constructed:economic factor-cost
Media outlets often gather stories from agencies who sell news item due to the price of media professionals.
126
News as socially constructed:economic factor-drive for profit
Primary aim is profit, it’s generated by selling advertising space and time to companies, will only advertise if can be guaranteed a large audience in turn resulting a large profit.
127
News as socially constructed:structural factor-owners
Owners can influence content in 2 ways, directly and allocation of resources.
128
News as socially constructed:structural factor-bureaucratic constraints
Process of selecting events is shaped by organizational factors add constraints your selection:
Time and space-printed and tv news must fit into a fixed time and slot.
New diary-use it to plan their stories, news today was planned days ago.
129
News as socially constructed:structural factor-competition
Due to a massive amount of competition, news outlets often target certain audience.
130
News as socially constructed:political factor-censorship
Different governments have different rules concerning media, some have direct forms of media censorship and some adult indirect forms.
131
News as socially constructed:political factor-news management
Frankly, news is influenced, controlled and selected by gov, employ news management techniques to give their preferred interpretation of events.
132
News is not socially constructed
Pluralism
Gnus represent world truthfully, journalist distinguish between what matters most and least.
Jones
Examines radio news, all sides are given equal emphasize.
Wintour
Media exposing tax avoidance schemes a monsignor UK gov officials
133
News is not socially constructed:not always the powerful who benefit (Schlesinger)
People in power use media as a tool to shape public perceptions and has been used as a tool to force resignation of high profile MP and other powerful individuals.
134
News is not socially constructed:new media (Drudge)
Citizenship journalism
135
News value (Galtung and Ruge)
Frequency.
Threshold.
Unmbiguity.
Composition.
Reference to celebrity.
Reference to elite nations.
Unexpectedness.
136
Selection of news story (Hall)
News support capitalism.
Media professionals attach importance to views of the powerful.
Hierarchy of credibility.
137
Selection of news story (marxism)
Owners doesn’t have 24/7 access to content so they pass policies within company to ensure their ideology is portrayed.
138
Selection of news story (Manning)
Can’t express any extreme views or they will be presented neg.
139
Selection of news story (Edwards and Cromwell)
Owners are nothing more than cheerleaders for gov.
Criticize anyone that challenges the dominant ideology.
140
Selection of news story (Glasgow University media group)
Media professionals side with the powerful
141
Selection of news story (Fiske)
News reports on industrial disputes represented managers as asking where as trade unionists were making demands.
