Family And Household Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Functionalism:Murdoch
A
Economic need
Education
Stabilization of sex drive
Reproduction of the next generation
2
Q
Functionalism: Parsons
A
Warm Bath theory
Geographically mobile workforce
Socially mobile workforce
Family structure
Social institutions
3
Q
Marxism:Engles
A
Marriage begin with early capitalism
Pass their wealth to offspring
Law promote by charge same inheritance tax
Women act as a tool to produce children
4
Q
Marxism:Althusser
A
Ideological state apparatus
False class consciousness
5
Q
Marxism:Zarersky
A
Disagree with warm Bath theory
Men oppressed at work
Fam propping up capitalism
Men work to exchange goods
No rebellion due to necessity of providing
6
Q
Domestic violence stats
A
1.5m experienced some type of domestic abuse in 2022.
470 deaths related to domestic abuse in 2020-22.
Nearly 30% victims reported disability
7
Q
Liberal feminism
A
Patriarchy&domestic abuse improve but still exist.
Divorce reform act
Sexist discrimination restrict women oppor
8
Q
Liberal feminism:Oakley
A
Gender inequality causes discrimination.
Gender role socialization.
Nuclear fam put neg feeling on both.
9
Q
Liberal feminism:Somerville
A
Women have more marriage choices
Shared responsibilities
Inequality within fam need to be tackled
10
Q
Radical feminism
A
Men control everything before capitalism exists.
Gender causes inequality.
Nuclear fam benefit men.
Fam teaching patriarchal ideology.
11
Q
Radical Feminism:Millet and Firestone
A
Second class citizen set a bad eg.
Men use power to control women.
12
Q
Radical Feminism:Delphy and Lenard
A
Wife have to please husband but don’t get in return.
Husband exploit wife.
13
Q
Radical Feminism:Redfern and Aune
A
Violent happen in many ways as women below men
14
Q
Marxist Feminism
A
Class system affect W/C.
Men benefit from patriarchy.
R/C construct ideology to reproduce and justify gender exploitation.
Oppression end if nuclear fam disappear.
Women oppressed through dual burden.
Slave of wage slave.
15
Q
Marxist Feminism:Benston
A
Women’s role is important.
Raise future workforce at least cost.
Reserve army of labor.
16
Q
Marxist Feminism: Ansley
A
Capitalism take away men’s power.
Safety valve.
17
Q
Difference Feminism
A
Criticize other for assume women have same experience.
Not exploited in certain fam.
Some have less social positions.
Some find it normal.
18
Q
Difference feminism:Colhoun
A
Can’t be exploited in same sex.
More fam type so more choices.
19
Q
New right
A
A defense of the free market
Reduced state spending
Importance of traditional institutions and values
Individual freedom and self interest
20
Q
New right:Murray and Marsland
A
Inc tax allowances for married couple.
Nuclear family socialize, stable fam.
Progressive policies reduce nuclear fam, want to return to old days.
Dec in nuclear cause dependency culture lead to underclass.
21
Q
Eva:functionalism
A
Feminism argue parsons ignore dark side of fam.
Zaretsky argue warm bath maintain capitalism.
Oakley argue clear division within fam regardless the power women hold.
Oakley state nuclear fam is patriarchal eg type of toys given.
O’Brien and Jones argue fam diversity is exaggerated.
Chester argue stem of all fam is nuclear.
22
Q
Eva:Marxism
A
Feminism, ignore impact of patriarchy.
Functionalism, ignore benefits of nuclear fam.
Postmodernism, ignore the variety of fam types.
23
Q
Eva:feminism
A
Zaretsky, ignore impact of capitalism.
Difference feminism.
Liberal criticize radical and Marxist feminism for not accept social progress.
Functionalism, fail to acknowledge pos side of nuclear.
24
Q
Eva:new right
A
Feminism, inc divorce help escape abusive relationships.
Functionalism, new right only accept nuclear.
Postmodernism, social change led to dec in nuclear, gov policies unlikely to stop this.
25
Traditional life: Allan and Crow
Before 1960, traditional life course.
Age determine the point of life.
After 1960, social change made less traditional.
26
Traditional life:Levin
Compulsory standard life course.
Considered strange if don’t follow.
27
Causes of fam change:Lewis
More freedom and less moral codes.
Before, female pregnant then have to marry.
28
Causes of fam change:Gabb
Importance of relationship inc eg friendship
29
Causes of fam change:May
Personal relationships importance inc.
Play a role in lives.
30
What’s individualization thesis?
Social traditions less influential.
People have more choices.
Contrast institutionalization, give up control to someone else.
31
Individualization thesis:Bauman
Continuous and swift change force people to adapt.
Constantly looking for perfect relationship for security.
Before was structured.
32
Individualization thesis:Beck-Gernsheim
Regulated by traditional beliefs.
More selfish, change roles.
More responsible for consequences.
33
Confluent love and pure relationship:Beck-Gernsheim
Before people marry to get something.
Now marry for love, lead to serial monogamy.
No security, look for next one.
Pure relationship more stable.
34
Confluent love and pure relationship:Giddens
Move away from romantic to confluent.
Confluent love base on individual satisfaction.
Contrast romantic love, need to work hard to keep active.
Romantic love, socially constructed based on function it serve.
35
Chambers
Pure relationship not always long lasting.
Inc divorce.
No standard set by society.
Less power from society, more free will.
36
Beck-Gernsheim and Beck
More individualized.
No guidance in life.
In and out relationships.
Endless choices.
37
Eva:changes to fam
Smart
Individualization thesis exaggerate fam decline.
Lots still controlled by social rules.
Chamber
Because in nuclear but still constrained.
90% mother spent at least 1hr per day on housework, 30% male.
Both argue only apply to small % of white M/C fam and ignore social issues.
38
Causes of change:Young and Willmott
Slum clearance programs
Traditional roles changed
Individualization thesis
Geographically and socially mobile workforce
39
Young and Willmott
Studied W/C fam in London.
1950s, segregated
1970s, integrated
40
Eva:Young and Willmott
Oakley, still clear division, symmetrical if husband only doing small amount of housework. 15% contribute to housework but they consider as women’s duty.
Ben-Galim and Thompson found 1 in 10 men did small amount as female, 8 in 10 female still doing more.
Functionalism, ignore benefit, men are naturally suitable.
Marxism, also caused by class and economic inequality.
Hardill et al interviewed households to see power distribution in dual earners fam, prioritize men’s career, women prioritize childcare, reduce financial power eg maternity leave.
New right, inc divorce and domestic abuse only happens in dysfunctional as no socialization, important maintain society, promote individualization distract functions, dual earners impact children wellbeing and it’s women’s duty.
41
There has been changes to roles
Improved status and women’s right.
Inc women in paid work.
Kan et al argue men doing masculine domestic work.
42
No change to roles
Gender socialization, Van Egmond, gender identity learn by 8 impact beliefs in future.
Cox and Federici, capitalism expect women to be housewives and mothers.
Delphy, expressive role is set by patriarchy, benefit men, use violence to punish women if complain. No equality if men hold power.
43
Domestic labor inequalities stats
Working mother 2x likely involve in childcare.
Unlimited working hours, no pension or holiday.
ONS converted unpaid work to work rate, worth £700b a year.
Mothers spent 71hr weekly, £31,000 a year.
44
Causes of domestic inequalities
Familial and patriarchal ideology.
Motherhood and fatherhood ideology
45
Consequences of fam inequalities
Gatrell et al, less see women as sole carer for children, more father involve.
Women return to work face hidden discrimination but law established.
Female has extra care role, instability at work.
Women experience dual burden, work in specific hours, reduce oppor and prevent progress.
3/4 part time workers are women.
46
Domestic abuse stats
In covid, 25% inc in calls calling for help.
Around 2/3 victims fail report and 6% lead to conviction.
47
Explanations of domestic abuse
Dobash and Dobash, men use power control women, patriarchy make women men property.
Radical feminists, men use domestic abuse to control, ensure obedience.
48
Why childhood is socially constructed?
Childhood experience vary between society and time.
Created, followed and accepted by society.
49
Gender and childhood
Oakley, gender socialized on cultural expectations.
Chapman, boys taught not show emotion.
50
Age patriarchy and childhood
Control over children’s body
Law
Control over children’s time
Control speed children grow
Economically dependent on parents
Parents control where children go
51
Class and childhood:Nelson
Helicopter parents
Immature children
Not prepared to real world
Rich way parenting
52
Class and childhood:Lareau
M/C
Extracurricular, broaden horizon.
Adapt new environ quicker.
W/C
Provide basic needs, grow up healthy.
Don’t cultivate special talents.
53
Class and childhood:Jefferis et al
W/C children reading and math sig behind M/C by age 7.
Childhood illnesses.
54
Ethnicity and childhood
O’Brien et al
Race and gender affect childhood neg.
Chahal and Julienne
No allow children experienced racist attacks go out.
Shaw
British Pakistanis Muslim, young internalize Islamic values and traditions.
Ghumann
Religion impact, Muslim spend Saturday learn Qu’ran.
55
Changes to childhood:Aries
Miniature adults
Physically capable
No special treatment or toys
Unregistered birthday, judge on appearance.
Around 1600s, modern childhood concept appear.
56
Eva:Aries
Wilson, ethnocentric
Pollack, only rich afford painting
57
Contemporary childhood
Wells
Gov policies for internal and external threats.
Chambers
Gov, 3rd parents.
58
Policies to protect children
Child support act (1991)
Protect children from divorce.
Law restrictions
Can’t do certain things as it hurt them.
Education
Family primary, education secondary, compulsory education 4-18.
Children’s act (2004)
People work with children, keep them away from harm.
Social services and protection
59
Child centered society:Chambers
Children perceived as special people with unique needs who need separate treatment and protection from dangers and corrupting influences of adult world.
60
Child centered society:Cunningham
3 main features
Childhood
Opposite to adulthood until 18.
Separation from adult world
Separated adult and children’s life.
Child rights
Recognizing and protecting children’s right.
61
Cause of child centered society
Smaller fam unit.
Reduced working hours.
Inc wealth and state benefit.
National standard for protecting children.
Inc state prevention.
62
Influences on child centered society
Parenting books.
Compulsory education.
Rise in stranger danger and parental fear.
Children’s live, more complex.
Rise in road traffic, children play within fam.
Rising consumer industry.
63
Childhood getting worse
Child abuse
Unhappy children
Legal controls on children
Sibling abuse
Children in work
War
64
Unchanged childhood:inequalities between children
Howard
Children in poverty likely die young.
Long term illness.
Child protection register.
Fall behind in education.
Jefferis et al
Poor children, reading and maths sig behind M/C
65
Unchanged childhood:inequalities between children and adults
Parents have more power so control children.
Hockey and James
Majority children want move away from current state.
66
Childhood:Functionalism/New right
Opposite sex parents needed to socialize.
Children from broken fam 5x likely suffer mental health.
Blame single mothers.
Diversity cause instability.
Welfare led to dependency.
67
Childhood and Interpretivists
Criticize Functionalism and New right for assume children just simply vessels.
Parents mold children, children also shape themselves.
Morrow
Children capable in thoughtful manner.
Don’t want to make decision, want a say.
Mayall
Childhood concept based on adults.
Ignore children’s right and underestimate their ability.
68
Disappearance of childhood:Postman
Childhood and adulthood boundary blurred.
TV, exposed to adult content.
Immediate manner.
Dumbed down.
Adverts specifically created for children.
69
Disappearance of childhood:Philips
Internet sexualizing girls.
Parenting culture and childhood innocence broken.
Liberal ideas affect parenting.
Media and peers surpassed parents.
Shortened childhood.
70
Disappearance of childhood
Evans and Chandler
Peer pressure play key role in childhood.
Pugh
Parents spending as compensation.
71
Eva: Disappearance of childhood
Children also exposed to adult life before.
Tec, alternative parenting, toxic childhood.
72
Postmodernism and childhood
Old divisions
Traditional theories doesn’t explain today’s society
Impossible to put things together as 1 category
People connecting across traditional boundaries
73
Postmodernism and childhood:Jencks
Less certain identities.
Insecure fam life.
Children, important source of primary relationship.
Vulnerable children.
74
Postmodernism and childhood:Gatrell
Parents prioritize relationships with children over with partner
75
Childhood disappearing:Postman
Childhood and adulthood merging.
Children more educated, want independence.
Expose to adult things, inc crime.
BBC News school report (2011), more worried about world threats.
76
Childhood disappearing?
Cunningham
Children from dual income fam, independent, make own decisions.
Advertisement for children.
Silva
Children and adults separated.
Rely on friends more.
Rise tech and own bedroom.
BBC News report (2011), children more up to date in tech, 90% 11-16 help fam member go online.
77
Functionalism and fam diversity
Nuclear fam is best.
Oppose to fam diversity
Parsons
Body analogy
Other won’t perform properly
Murdock
Male and female created for different role
78
Postmodernism and fam diversity
Cheal
No standard life course, no dominant fam type.
Stacy
Women, main cause of fam change
Morgan
Pointless to generalize, many live in different fam throughout life.
79
New right and fam diversity
Nuclear fam, only normal and correct fam
Biological differences
Fam diversity create social issues
Lack role model
Lone fam, burden
80
Fam diversity (Benston)
1st 3 years of baby’s life, fam breakdown rate higher in cohabiting, cause lone fam
81
Eva:fam diversity
Oakley, gender role is socially constructed.
Nuclear fam base on oppression of women.
No evidence show lone fam children more likely delinquent.
Chester, cohabitation is temporary before marriage.
82
Individualization and fam diversity (Giddens and Beck)
No fixed life course
Free from traditional structures
Risky society
No fixed roles
83
Individualization and fam diversity (Giddens)
Greater choices
Contraception
More oppor
Homosexual create democracy
Choose roles
84
Personal life (Budgeon)
Gender, class, age limit lifestyle choice.
No complete freedom.
85
Personal life (May)
Giddens and Beck only apply to white M/C.
White, not experienced racism.
Ignore structural factor.
86
Personal life (Smart)
Connectedness-choices made within a web of connectedness.
87
Personal life (Finch and Mason)
Studied extended family
Individuals negotiate but influenced by fam connections
Man, better paid, more freedom
88
What are the 5 types of family diversity (Ropoports)?
Organizational diversity-fam can be structured in different ways.
Cultural diversity-multi culture, bring their traditions to UK.
Social class diversity-different fam in U/C, can challenge.
Life stage diversity-live in different households at different life stage.
Generational diversity-different generation hold different attitudes.
89
Functionalism and family policy
Vital functions.
Pos effect of state intervention.
Everyone in society work together due to inc equality.
Look after society’s interest as a whole.
But there’re policies functionalist dislike.
90
Feminism and family policy
Institutions support patriarchy.
State reinforces gender inequalities.
Maternity leave and paternity leave. Joe burden.
But there are policies that feminism like.
91
Fam policy (Drew)
Studied polices in different countries in 1990s
Fam gender regimes-state support traditional fam and ideas.
Individualistic gender regimes-equality and benefits apply for both gender.
92
Surveillance society (Donzelot and Condry)
State employ professionals to carry policies.
Seem to help people but actually monitor.
93
Marxism and fam policy
Policies support capitalism.
Maintain class inequality.
Form of ideological control, justify equality.
Labor market policies ensure stable workforce.
94
New right and fam policy
Go back to golden age.
Gov interventions cause dependency.
Lower tax for rich help economic growth.
Traditional fam under threat.
2/3 average income for lone fam come from welfare.
95
New right and the conservatives (1979-1997)
Nuclear is foundation of society
Welfare state encourage dependency and single mothers.
Housing benefits encourage girls give birth outside marriage.
96
New right policies
Child support agency 1993 – natural fathers must provide financially if divorced.
Married couples allowance – lower taxes.
Back to basis-John Major, return to golden age but failed.
97
New labor gov (1997-2010)
Tony Blair.
Focus to get rid of poverty.
Treat all fam the same.
98
New labor policies
Working family tax credits 1997 – reduces child care cost, easier for women go back to work.
Minimum wage-help exploitation.
Child tax credits 2003 – help with the child care.
Abolished married couple tax allowance.
Every child matters-protect poor child.
Sure start-1998, 1.5b put in to help, teach parents how to manage children.
99
Coalition gov (2010-today)
David Cameron.
Support nuclear to extent.
100
Coalition gov promises
Lower tax for married couples.
Plans for shared parental leave after birth.
Mediation services for breaking down couples.
Emphasize on traditional fam.
101
Global fam policies:one child policy
China, 1979-2015, only allowed one child.
Adv, dec population rapidly and reduce pressure.
Disadv, ageing population and dependency ratio.
102
Global fam policies:multiple child policy
Only two children allowed.
Been used in several countries e.g. Singapore.
Adv, less stressed parents, focus more on career and shared resources.
Disadv inc abortion.
103
Global fam policies:pure fam policy
Gov focus solely on fam related matters.
