MedEd Micro 2 Flashcards
causes of immunocompromise
immunodeficiency syndromes
acquired - HIV, iatrogenic, lymphopaenia, malnutrition, DM
organ specific - structural lung disease (COPD, CF), splenectomy
what organisms are people with no spleen at risk of
encapsulated bacteria
ie NHS
neisseria
hamophilus
strep
consequences of immunocompromise
unusual organism infections
unusual site infections
HIV specific infections
PCP
JC virus
toxoplasmosis
microsporidium
MAC
(TB & CMV more severe)
CF specific infections
burkolderia cepacia
anti TNFa specific infections
JC virus
HIV pts can get common infections in weird places - 2 examples of the bug with location
CMV colitis
oesophageal candidiasis
what weird site infection do sickle cell pts get and from what bug
salmonella septic arthritis
prophylaxis for HIV / splenectomy pts
vaccination (splenectomy)
ABx - co-trimoxazole (HIV)
what feature of influenza allows antigenic shift
multi segmented genome
types of influenza
A and B
technically 4 types but C and D aren’t that clinically relevant
which type of influenza is worse
A
(its the pandemic one)
what 3 features of influenza allow it to have pandemic risk
novel antigenicity
efficient replication in airways
efficient transmission between people
2 processes that allow novel antigenicity
antigenic shift
antigenic drift
what is antigenic drift
accumulation of errors over time
what is antigenic shift
organism infected with 2 strains of influenza at the same time –> RNA from both strains mix in the same cell –> genome of virus changes
problem with antigenic drift
pre formed ABs from previous infection are no longer effective against current strain
how many chunks of RNA does influenza have
8
how common is antigenic shift vs drift
drift is common, shift is very rare - esp to cause a functional virus as often the mix produces nonsense virus
2 most important genes in influenza
neuraminidase
haemagglutinin
what does neuraminidase do
cleaves sialic acid, facilitating viral release from cells
what does haemagglutinin do
binds to sialic acid, facilitating viral entry
key pandemic feature of haemagglutinin
prone to antigenic drift
key pandemic feature of neuraminidase
prone to antigenic shift
how do you determine strain of influenza
RT - PCR
where are haemagglutinin and neuraminidase found
cell SURFACE
influenza antivirals
PO oseltamivir (tamiflu) ** key one
inhaled zanamivir
IV peramivir
oral baloxavir
oral amantadine
how does oseltamivir work
neuraminidase inhibitor
how does baloxavir work & when is it used
endonuclease inhibitor
only in first 2 days of infection
how does amantadine work
m2 antagonist
problem with amantadine
easy to become resistant to it - most influenza strains are resistant to it, so not used anymore
what herpes presentation indicates uncontrolled HIV infection
herpes oesophagitis
JC virus causes what presentation
progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PMLE)
what is this persons Hep B status
HBsAg +
HBsAB -
HBcAB IgM +
HBeAg +
HBeAB -
acute hep B infection
what does val infront of an antiviral indicate & clinical indication
increases bioavailability + less effected by first pass metabolism
easier to take orally
tx ladder of human herpes viruses
aciclovir or ganciclovir
foscarnet
cidofovir
usual first line Tx for non herpes viruses
cidofovir 1st line
why do we not just treat everyone with cidofovir if its 3rd line HHV and 1st line non HHV
dirty drug - nephrotoxic, ocular toxicity, BM suppression
what are herpes simplex in terms of HHV
HHV 1 & 2
brain manifestations of HSV1 vs HSV2
1 = HSV encephalitis
2 = HSV meningitis
PCs of HSV1
herpes labialis (oral ulcers)
HSV encephalitis
PCs of HSV2
genital herpes ulcers
HSV meningitis
rarer presentations of HSV
HSV oesophagitis / colitis - HIV!!!!
eczema herpeticum
herpetic whitlow
disseminated cutaneous herpes - imm comp
what is herpetic whitlow
herpes on the finger
who gets herpetic whitlow
healthcare workers !!
1st line tx of HSV
aciclovir
what can initial enoculation with HSV look like (more commonly than in reactivation)
herpes gingivostomatitis - ulcers around mouth
what HHV is VZV
HHV3
PC of VZV
chicken pox and shingles
who gets more serious chickenpox infections
adults - esp imm supp / foetus
aka shingles
herpes zoster
2 key risks of shingles
opthalmic herpes zoster
ramsay hunt syndrome
what is ophthalmic herpes zoster
shingles of v1 –> damage of retina
sign of opthalmic herpes zoster and what this actually is
hutchinson sign
vesicles on the nose tip
what is ramsay hunt syndrome
facial nerve shingles
can get bells palsy, ear pain + vesicles in ear
what is not part of the VZV tx esp in children & why
ibuprofen
- increases secondary skin infections esp nec fasc
complication post shingles
post herpeticum neuralgia
- pain in distribution of dermatome
what is HHV4
EBV
PC of EBV
infectious mononucleosis
- fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy
- hepatosplenomegaly
how can the lymphadenopathy picture differentiate EBV from tonsilitis
EBV affects posterior cervical chain
tonsilitis affects anterior cervical chain
what else can cause infectious mononucelosis
CMV
toxoplasmosis
what else can cause a similar picture to infectious mononucleosis
HIV seroconversion !
what lab findings strengthen a Dx of EBV
monospot test
atypical lymphocytes on smear
how is EBV usually diagnosed now
EBV serology
tx of EBV
usually supportive
gancyclovir if really bad
2 pieces of advice for patient with mono
avoid contact sports - splenic rupture risk
avoid alcohol - can give hepatitis
3 associated diseases after EBV
burkitts lymphoma
post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
what is HHV5
CMV
2 potential PCs of CMV
asymptomatic or mononucelosis picture
buzzword of CMV
owl’s eye inclusion bodies
4 PCs reactivation of CMV in imm supp
pneumonitis
retinitis
colitis
encephalitis
tx of CMV
gancyclovir / valgancyclovir
CT of CMV pneumonitis
ground glass widespread appearance
what does CMV retinitis look like
widespread cotton wool spots
what does CMV colitis look like
like HSV oesophagitis - hard to differentiate
owls eye inclusion body !
name 3 other HHV and what they cause
HHV6 & 7 - roseola
HHV8 - karposi’s sarcoma
complication of roseola
encephalitis (rare) –> causes lots of febrile seizures
association of HHV8
castleman disease
primary effusion lymphoma
what is primary effusion lymphoma
very poor prognosis diffuse large B cell lymphoma
what is castlemann’s lymphoma
lymphoproliferative disorder
what is karposi’s sarcoma
lymphatic endothelium proliferation
what is the problem with karposi’s sarcoma
lesions on the skin are fine ish
but often associated with lesions internally which can haemorrhage massively
what do adenoviruses cause in imm comp
pneumonitis
haemorrhagic cystitis
meningioencephalitis
colitis
what does JC virus cause in helathy vs imm comp ppl
healthy = nothing
imm comp = PML
who is most susceptible to JC virus
monoclonal ABs pts
HIV
Tx of JC virus
no antivirals really
treat imm supp
what does BK virus cause & who do we worry about it in
transplant pts !!
nephropathy - kidney transplant pts
haemorrhagic cystitis - BM transplant pts
which hepatitis viruses cause acute infection
A and E
common things between hep A and E
both cause acute infection
both faecal-oral
both seen in travellers
similar clinical presentations
can be STIs esp in MSM !!
rarely cause chronic infection, just acute
progression of PC of hep A/E
- inc incubation period and resolution period
incubation period 2-6 weeks
prodromal malaise
jaundice, hepatitis, cholestasis
resolution ~ 2 months
what complication is rare in hep A and E
fulminant hepatitis (can happen but v v v rare)
who would get fulminant hepatitis in hep A / E
A = elderly
E = pregnant women *** buzzword