MedEd Chem 1 Flashcards
describe the endocrine axis in the body
hypothalamus –> pituitary –> end organ
(tertiary) (secondary (primary)
- negative feedback from each to the one above
- external factors control the negative feedback
where is thyroid
inferior to larynx
vascular supply to thyroid
3 arteries (superior, inferior, thyroid ima) and veins (superior, middle, inferior)
2 functions of thyroxine and the R it acts on
acts on intranuclear receptor
regulates BMR
potentiating reponses to catecholamines
describe histology of thyroid gland
stroma (pale) with colloid (pink) surrounded by follicular cells (dark purple) and parafollicular cells between follicular cells
production of thyroxine
stimulated by TSH
thyroglobulin secreted by follicular cells
moved into colloid
oxygenation and iodination of thyroglobulin by thyroid peroxidase
makes t4
moves back into follicular cells
secreted into blood
what is free thyroxine
t4
t4 to t3 by which enzyme
deiodinase enzymes
how many iodine molecules does t4 have
2
what do parafollicular cells secrete
calcitonin
what does calcitonin do
regulates (reduces) calcium
sx of too much thyroxine
tremor
sweating
weight loss
palpitations
heat intolerance
goiter
anxiety
sx of hypothyroidism
weight gain
puffiness
reduced heart rate
constipation
depression
describe period dysfunction in hypo/hyperthyroidism & why
hypo = heavy periods
hyper = oligomenorrhoea with light periods
thyroxine has anti oestrogen effects - too much = blocks ovulation, too little = endometrial proliferation
what actually causes a goitre
high TSH causing proliferation
what types of thyroid issues cause goitre
primary hypothyroidism - TSH produced in response to low t4
secondary / tertiary hyperthyroidism - too much TSH produced
buzzword clinical features of specific thyroid diseases
pretibial myxoedema = graves
exopthalmus = hyperthyroidism (esp graves)
myxoedema coma = hypothyroidism
what scan is done in thyroid disease
radio iodine technetium scan
radio iodine scan of graves
butterfly thyroid - diffuse uptake through whole of thyroid
radio iodine scan of toxic multinodular goitre
discrete patches of uptake where the nodules are
radio iodine scan of toxic adenoma
single very dark spot showing intense uptake in one area over cancer
causes of hyperthyroidism
graves
de quervains
thyroid adenoma / ectopic
drug induced
toxic multinodular goitre
PP
iodine / jon basedow reaction
what is graves
AID hyperthyroidism due to auto ABs to TSH R
reaction to what drug can cause hyperthyroidism
amiodarone
causes of hypothyroidism
congenital /cretinism
primary atrophic
hashimotos
iodine deficiency
surgery / radio ablation
hypopituitarism
drugs
wolf chaikoff effect
what drugs can cause hypothyroidism
amiodarone, lithium, carbimazole
process of de quervain’s thyroiditis inc thyroidism level
infection / cancer / surgery / ITU stay etc –> inflammation of thyroid –> breakdown of gland –> release of all the hormones
hyper –> hypothyroid as hormones run out
why does amiodarone cause thyroid issues
amiodarone is a source of iodine
what is jon basedow reaction
chronic low thyroxine then given iodine causes hyperthyroidism due to body being used to low thyroxine
what is wolff chaikoff effect
give someone loads of iodine –> overloads the thyroid cells –> kills them off –> hypothyroidism
why is wolff chaikoff effect clinically relevant
explains why radio iodine in high doses can be used to treat toxic multinodular goitre etc
what is hashimotos thyroiditis
AID with ABs against TPO
(hypothyroidism)
what does ABs against TPO in hashimotos actually cause
inability to oxygenate and iodinate that thyroglobulin into t4 so no thyroxine produced
causes of cretinism
thyroid agenesis
thyroid dysgenesis
from where does the thyroid form embryologically
foramen caecum
(also forms part of tongue which is why if you have a thyroglossal cyst, it will move when you stick your tongue out)
features of cretinism
LDs
oedematous - puffy face, distended abdo
protruding tongue
stunted growth
hypothyroidism sx
Ix of thyroid issues
bedside - ECG, examination
bloods - FBC, U&Es, TFTs, ABs, lipids, BM, LFTs
imaging - USS, thyroid uptake / isotope scan, CT, MRI
ABs to screen for in ?thyroid issues
anti TSH
anti TPO
TSH low or high, free t4 high , t3 high. Dx?
hyperthyroidism
TSH high or low, free t4 low, t3 low. Dx?
hypothyroidism
TSH low or normal, free t4 low, t3 low. Dx?
sick euthyroid
TSH low, free t4 high or low, t3 high or low. Dx?
subacute thyroid
TSH normal or high, free t4 low, t3 low. Dx?
subclinical hypothyroid
TSH normal or low, free t4 high, t3 high. Dx?
subclinical hyperthyroid
mx of hyperthyroid and reason why for each
propanolo - sx control
thioamides - inhibit TPO
radioiodine - wolf chaikoff effect
surgical resection
mx of hypothyroidism
oral levothyroxine
mx of myxoedema coma
IV liothyronine
how is levothyroxine titrated
to normal TSH with 6 weekly check ups until stable
ensuring not over replacing –> palpitations
higher in preg / nephrotic syndrome etc
what is sick euthyroid
severe illness causes body to try and shut down metabolism to conserve energy so low t3/4 –> initially high TSH then low
most common type of thyroid tumour
papillary 70%
which thyroid tumour has best prognosis
papillary
3 buzzwords for papillary thyroid tumour
psammoma bodies
orphan annie nuclei
lymphatic invasion
2nd most common thyroid tumour
follicular 20%
what is prognosis of follicular tumour (good / bad / very bad)
good
2 buzzwords for follicular tumour
encapsulated
vascular invasion
2 associations of medullary thyroid cancer (buzzwords)
c-cells that produce calcitonin
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