MedEd Chem 2 Flashcards
what is osmolality vs osmolarity
osmollity = mass of solvent
osmolarity = volume of solvent
how do you calculate osmolality
2 (Na + K) + glucose + urea
what is a normal osmolality
275 - 295
causes of a raised osmolality
(ions that aren’t in the equation)
alcohol
sugars
lipid
proteins
what is the main contributor to osmolality
sodium
rank the following in order of highest to osmolality to lowest
DI
DKA
HHS
pneumonia
SIADH
HHS
DKA
DI
pneumonia
SIADH
what is HHS
hyperosmolar hperglycaemia state (T2DM DKA)
why does HHS / DKA have higher osmolality
high glucose
why does pneumonia have a lower osmolality
can lead to SIADH
why does SIADH have a very low osmolality
lots of water resorption so decreases ion conc (osmolality)
describe the mechanism of sodium regulation when the blood volume increases inc receptors, what they are detecting and hormones released
increased blood volume –> atrial stretch –> baroreceptors –> ANP release –> decreased aldosterone / ADH / renin release –> decreased Na conc
where is renin released from
kidney
high osmolality –> ___ (body’s physiological response) + ADH _____ –> _____ Na conc
thirst
released
decreased
low osmolality –> ADH ______ –> _____ Na conc
suppression
increased
which is more important for ADH, the control of blood volume or osmolality
blood volume –> ADH increases the blood volume which decreases the osmolality
what is the commonest electrolyte imbalance
hyponatraemia
what is the first thing to check if someones blood show low Na & why
plasma osmolality
- to exclude pseudohyponatraemia (low Na with normal / high osmolality)
what are causes of pseudohyponatraemia and how can you distinguish them
high lipids / proteins - normal osmolality
high sugars / alcohol - high osmolality
(in hyponatraemia, the osmolality should be LOW tho, so even normal is abnormal !)
after excluding pseudohyponatraemia, what is the next thing to check in someone with hyponatraemia
check fluid status - hypo/eu/hypervolaemic
what is the ADH level in hypovolaemic hyponatraemia
appropriately high
what Ix is useful in someone with hypovolaemic hyponatraemia
urinary sodium osmolality
what cause for hypovolaemic hyponatraemia is suggested by a urinary Na conc of <20
extra renal losses (kidneys working) eg D&V, burns
what cause for hypovolaemic hyponatraemia is suggested by a urinary Na conc of >20
renal losses (kidneys not working) eg renal disease, diuretics, cerebral salt wasting
mx of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia
treat underlying cause eg loperamide
IV 0.9% NaCl
or slow IV hypertonic 3% NaCl (ITU for Sx pts)
if someone is hypervolaemic hyponatraemia, where/what is the problem
low effective arterial blood volume ie the blood volume is not sufficient to supply cells
what can cause hypervolaemic hyponatraemia
reduced cardiac output - CCF
increased peripheral arterial vasodilation - cirrhosis
what does a urinary sodium of <20 suggest in hypervolaemic hyponatraemia
CCF, cirrhois, nephrotic syndrome
what does a urinary sodium of >20 suggest in hypervolaemic hyponatraemia
CKD
tx of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia
treat underlying cause
fluid restriction
what is the umbrella cause of euvolaemic hyponatraemia
endocrinological
what does a urinary sodium of <20 suggest in euvolaemic hyponatraemia
psychogenic polydipsia, tea and toast diet
what does a urinary sodium >20 suggest in euvolaemic hyponatraemia
hypothyroidism
adrenal insufficiency
SIADH
mx of euvolaemic hyponatraemia
- inc resistant SIADH
treat underlying cause
fluid restrict
demeclocycline / tolvaptan for resistant SIADH
causes of SIADH
brain - craniopharyngoma / tumours
lung - pneumonia, small cell lung ca
drugs - SSRIs, PPIs, DA antagonists
how do you diagnose SIADH
diagnosis of exclusion !!
check TFTs and cortisol first
urinary / plasma Na
diagnostic criteria of SIADH
low plasma sodium (<135) / osmolality (<270)
high urinary sodium (>20) / osmolality (>100)
no adrenal / thyroid / renal dysfunction
causes of hypovolaemic hypernatraemia
osmotic diuresis
diarrhoea
burns
causes of hypervolaemic hypernatraemia
hypertonic 3% NaCl use
hyperaldosteronism
causes of euvolaemic hypernatraemia
DI
Mx of hypernatraemia
oral intake of water
slow IV 5% dextrose (1L/6hr) - guided by urine utput / plasma sodium
2 types of DI and what the defect is in each
central = lack of production of ADH
nephrogenic = ADH resistance in kidneys
causes of central DI
pituitary surgery
irradiation
tumour
trauma
mx of central DI
desmopressin
causes of nephrogenic DI
electrolyte disturbances (low K, high Ca)
drugs - lithium, demeclocycline
mx of nephrogenic DI
thiazides
primary Ix for ?DI
excluding other causes
- serum glucose (DM)
- serum K (hypoK)
- serum Ca (hyperCa)
diagnostic tests for DI
plasma / urine osmolality
** water deprivation test **
post water deprivation test…
urine concentrates after fluid restriction
Dx?
normal or primary polydipsia
post water deprivation test…
urine concentrates after desmopressin
Dx?
central DI
post water deprivation test…
urine remains dilute after desmopressin
Dx?
nephrogenic DI