MedEd Micro 1 Flashcards
50M 6/12 Hx of weight loss and haemoptysis. Gold standard test for Dx?
sputum culture
why give b6 in TB Tx?
protect against side effects of isoniazid
stages of TB infection
primary - mycobacterium tuberculosis initial infection, often in childhood. no Sx
latent - suppressed, hanging around in foci, no Sx
post primary / secondary - reactivation of latent, often due to immunosuppression. Sx!!
causes of reactivation of TB
HIV infection
started on monoclonal ABs / immunosuppression
illness
3 stages of TB on a CXR
ball of macrophages = ghon foci
+ lympahdenopathy = ghon complex
+ calcification = ranki complex
PC of active TB (4)
weight loss / fever / night sweats / loss of appetite / fatigue
pulmonary - haemoptysis
lymphadenopathy
erythema nodosum
less common PC of active TB
miliary TB
meningeal TB
Pott’s disease
GUM TB
serosal / GI / adrenal / cutaneous
what is miliary TB
TB lesion erodes into BV and spreads all over body
how does meningeal TB present, in whom & what complication
subacute meningitic sx
HIV pts
++++ morbidity
what is pott’s disease and how does it present
TB in vertebrae
back pain / compression fracture / focal neurology
incidental result of GUM TB and why
sterile pyuria !! UTI Sx with nothing grown on MCS (bcos they don’t look for TB)
how does miliary TB look on CXR
lots of little white dots all over CXR (also all over rest of body but not as easy to see)
name pathognomonic cutaenous presentation of TB
lupus vulgaris
gold standard Ix for active TB with medium used
sputum culture, on Lowenstein-Jensen media
** buzzword **
what Ix is done for active TB in practice
sputum smear and Ziehl Neelson stain for acid fast bacilli
** buzzword **
why isnt sputum culture done for TB Dx in practice
takes too long to culture TB
another stain for acid fast bacilli
auramine rhodamine stain
(stains red / yellow)
** buzzword **
how is latent TB diagnosed
mantoux test
interferon gamma release assay (ellaspot)
difference between mantoux test and IFGRA for TB
mantoux - tests positive if you’ve had BCG vaccine OR you have latent TB, cheap
IFGRA - only positive if you have latent TB, expensive
5 drugs for TB Tx
RIPE
rifampicin
isoniazid + pyridoxine
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
duration of Tx for TB
all 4 RIPE drugs for 2 months,
then just 2 for 4 months (rifampicin and isoniazid)
what is pyridoxine and why is it given with RIPE
vitamin b6
isoniazid causes peripheral neuropathy due to depletion of b6
drugs used for drug resistant TB
aminoglycosides
fluroquinolones
new drugs
specifics - streptomycin / amicacin
Mx of latent TB
just rifampicin and isoniazid (less intensive regime)
2nd most common mycobacterium
leprosy (mycobacterium leprae / lepromatosis)
PC of mycobacterium leprae / lepromatosis
(2 Sx, buzzword finding, Hx finding)
skin changes - hypo/hyperpigmented lesions
peripheral nerve disease
*thickening of nerves ** buzzword
+ travel Hx / exposure
name other mycobacterium
mycobacterium leprae / lepromatosis
MAC - mycobacterium avium complex
mycobacterium marinum
mycobacterium ulcerans
who gets MAC
preexisting lung disease / HIV
PC of MAC
same as pulmonary TB
slow PC,
FLAWS / cough
PC buzzwords for mycobacterium marinum
“fish tank granuloma”
exposure to swimming pools / fish tanks
skin disease
what does mycobacterium ulcerans cause
buruli ulcer
PC of buruli ulcer
been in the tropics
painless, destructive ulcer
23F 2/52 dry cough, fever, myalgia.
O/E rash, jaundice
CXR bilateral consolidation
Organism?
mycoplasma pneumonie
what does LRTI encompass
bronchitis
pneumonia
abscess
empyema
describe bronchitis - who gets it / Mx and why / CXR
smokers / kids
don’t tend to get that unwell, so don’t usually treat unless supportive
CXR no changes
describe pneumonia - progression / CXR
look sick
treat with ABx
CXR shows consolidation
what is an abscess
puss filled cavitating lesion within lung parenchyma
2 key PC of abscess
FLAWS - esp swinging fevers !
Hx pneumonia - esp pneumonia not responding to ABx = abscess
MX of abscess
drainage
ABx alone not enough
what is an empyema
infection within an existing space in lung (ie the pleura)
3 classifications of pneumonia with definitions
CAPs - develop in community
HAPs - develop >48hrs after hospital admission
VAPs - develop in patients on ventilators
CXR of bronchitis
nothing
thickening of central bronchi
CXR of abscess
well circumscribed lesion with patchy airspaces within (cavity with fluid in)
what does CXR of empyema look similar to
pleural effusion - loss of costophrenic angle with meniscus
why are typicals / atypicals called that
typicals all present the same in classic pneumonia fashion
atypicals present weirdly
–> nothing to do with how common they are !!
describe typical pneumonia PC
systemically unwell
productive cough, fever, etc
lobar consolidation on CXR
what Mx do typical pneumonias respond to
penecillins
how do atypical pneumonias present
flu like prodrome
dry cough rather than productive
extra pulmonary manifestations
how does the Mx of atypicals differ from typical pneumonia
atypicals respond to macrolides, not penecillins like typicals
3 buzzwords for strep pneumoniae (Sx, unique Ix, path)
rusty coloured sputum
gram positive diploccoci
positive urine antigen test
buzzwords for h.influenzae (path, at risk)
COPD
gram neg coccobacillus
buzzwords for moraxella catarrhalis (path, at risk)
smokers
gram negative coccus
most common pneumonia bug
strep pneumoniae
3 buzzwords for staph aureus pneumonia (RFs, CXR lesion, path)
post-influenza pneumonia
cavitating lesions - cavity
gram positive cocci (grape like bunch)
4 buzzwords for klebsiella pneumoniae (RFs, CXR lesion, Sx, path)
alcoholics !! / post aspiration eg stroke
haemoptysis
cavitating lesions
gram negative rods
who gets chlamydia pneumoniae and how sick are they
asthmatics
not very sick
(less important)
3 buzzwords for legionella pneumophilia (RFs, Sx, Ix)
air conditioning - plumbers / travellers
very unwell - hepatitis, low Na, lymphopaenia
+ urine antigen test
pt has positive urine antigen test with pneumonia. what bugs?
strep pneumonia
legionella
3 buzzwords for mycoplasma pneumoniae (RFs, 2 buzzword signs)
young people in close proximity - halls etc
cold AIHA !! (jaundiced)
erythema multiforme !! (target lesions)
2 buzzwords for chlamydia psittaci (RFs, complication)
own exotic birds !!
culture negative endocarditis
2 buzzwords for coxiella burnetti (RFs, complication)
farm animals !!
culture negative endocarditis
what LRTIs can HIV+ patients get
PCP
TB
cryptococcus neoformans
nocardia
how does PCP classically present
dry cough
** desaturation on exertion >10%** buzzword
LRTIs in splenectomy pts
encapsulated organisms
- haemophilus
- strep
LRTIs in CF
pseudomonas aeruginosa
burkolderia cepacia
why is burkholderia cepacia important to know about in CF kids
contraindication to lung transplant
what LRTI bugs are people taking monoclonal ABs at risk of
TB reactivation
what LRTI bug do people with neutropaenia / asthma get
aspergillus
CXR of PCP
relatively normal
bat wing shadowing around the hilar
CT of PCP
honeycombing - big open spaces
ground glass shadowing
CURB 65 criteria
confusion - AMTS <9
urea >7
RR >30
BP <90/60
65 or older
What does a CURB 65 score of 0-1/2/3-5 mean
curb65 0-1 = treat at home, PO amoxicillin
curb65 2 = admit, co-amoxicillin and clarithromycin
curb65 3-5 = admit, co-amoxicillin and clarithromycin, consider ICU
standard tx of CAP
amoxicillin / co-amoxicillin / clarithromycin
- some combo of this
Tx of HAP
(1st / severe)
LOCAL TRUST GUIDELINES
usually 1st = ciprofloxacin and vancomycin
severe = piperacillin / tazobactam and vancomycin
what are you covering for in HAP
MRSA
pseudomonas
go to ABx for pseudomonas
piperacillin and tazobactam (tazocin)
go to ABx for MRSA
vancomycin
ABx for aspiration pneumonia
usually aspiration is a pneumonitis not pneumonia (ie chemical acid damage to lung, not infection) so not usually needed
go to ABx for anaerobic cover
metronidazole
clindamycin
indications for starting ABx for anaerobic cover
MUST be an indication not just if they’ve aspirated
- culture
- empyema / abscess
3 classifications of infective endocarditis
subacute
acute
prosthetic
PC of subacute endocarditis
indolent presentation
fever of unknown origin
FLAWS
new regurgitant heart murmur
splinter haemorrhages / janeway lesions
septic emboli - brain / spleen / kidney
immune phenomena - roth spots / osler nodes / glomerulonephritis
BUZZWORDS
PC of acute endocarditis
rapid onset
VERY septic / unwell
who gets prosthetic endocarditis and when
valve replacement pts (1-2 months post op)
location of IE usually
most ppl - left side as higher pressure
IVDU - tricuspid / right sides
osler nodes vs janeway lesions
oslernodes = painful
janeway lesions = painless
where do roth spots occur
retina