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New Visions Medical > Mechanisms Of Disease > Flashcards

Mechanisms Of Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease

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2
Q

Signs

A

Objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient

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3
Q

Symptoms

A

The subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient

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4
Q

Syndrome

A

A collection of different signs and symptoms
- presents a distinct picture of a pathological condition

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5
Q

Acute

A

Signs and symptoms appear suddenly and persist for a short time, then disappear

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6
Q

Chronic

A

Disease that develops slowly and last for a long time

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7
Q

Subacute

A

A disease with characteristics of somewhere between acute and chronic

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8
Q

Etiology

A

Study of all factors involved in causing disease

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9
Q

Idiopathic

A

Undetermined cause of disease

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10
Q

Communicable or infectious

A

Disease that can be transmitted from one individual to another

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11
Q

Etiology

A

Refers to the theory of a diseases cause

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12
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The pattern of a diseased development

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13
Q

Latent

A

“Hidden”

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14
Q

Incubation

A

Latent stage

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15
Q

Convalescence

A

Recovery

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16
Q

Remission

A

Reversal of symptoms/ reversal of a chronic disease

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17
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in humans

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18
Q

Endemic

A

A disease that is native to a local region

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19
Q

Epidemic

A

A diseases that spreads to many individuals at the same time within a defined geographic region

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20
Q

Pandemics

A

Epidemics that spread throughout the world

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21
Q

Casual relationships

A

Establish the cause of a disease outbreak

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22
Q

Coincidental relationships

A

Events that coincide by chance

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23
Q

Morbidity

A

Information on disease rates in specific populations

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24
Q

Mortality

A

Numbers of deaths caused by specific diseases

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25
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of underlying physiological processes associated with disease

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26
Q

Genetic mutism

A

Altered or mutated genes that cause production of abnormal proteins

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27
Q

Infectious mechanism

A

Pathogenic organisms or particles that damage the body is some way

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28
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives in or on another organism to obtain its nutrients

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29
Q

Neoplasticism mechanism

A

Abnormal tissue growths that can cause a variety of physiological disturbances

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30
Q

Traumatic mechanism

A

Physical and chemical agents that can affect the normal homeostasis of the body

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31
Q

Metabolic mechanism

A

Endocrine imbalances or malnutrition that cause insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients

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32
Q

Degeneration

A

Breaking apart of tissues

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33
Q

Inflammatory mechanisms

A

Autoimmunity and inflammation

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34
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Faulty response or over reaction of the immune system that causes it to attack the body

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35
Q

Inflammation

A

Common response of the body to disturbances

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36
Q

Rick factors for diseases

A

Genetic factors (gene pool, inherited traits), age, lifestyle, stress, environmental factors, preexisting conditions

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37
Q

Microbes

A

Microscopic organisms

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38
Q

Viruses

A

Intercellular parasites that consist of a nuclear can acid core surrounded by a protein coat

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39
Q

Prions

A

Pathogenic protein molecules that convert normal proteins of the body into abnormal proteins

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40
Q

Bacterium

A

Tiny, primitive cell without a nucleus

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41
Q

Aerobic

A

Requiring oxygen for their metabolism

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42
Q

Anaerobic

A

Requiring an absence of oxygen

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43
Q

Ways to classify bacteria

A

Growth requirements, staining properties, shape and size

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44
Q

Bacilli (rods)

A

Bacterium:
Bacillus organisms, clostridium organisms, enterobacteria organisms, pseudomonas organisms

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45
Q

Cocci (spheres)

A

Bacterium:
Staphylococcus organisms, streptococcus organisms, neisseria organisms

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46
Q

Curved or spiral rod

A

Bacterium:
Vibrio organisms, campylobacter organisms, spirochetes

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47
Q

Small bacterium

A

Bacterium:
Rickettsia organisms, chlamydia organisms

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48
Q

Bacilli shape

A

Large, rod-shaped cells

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49
Q

Cocci shape

A

Large, round bacteria (found in pairs or strings)

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50
Q

Curved or spiral rods shapes

A

Curved rods arranged singly or in strands

Large curved or spiral cells arranged singly or in cell colonies

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51
Q

Small bacteria shapes

A

Round or oval (very very very tiny)

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52
Q

Spores

A

Bacteria can develop into resistant dormant state and grow again when conditions allow

Resistant to chemicals, heat, and dry, arid conditions

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53
Q

Archaea

A

Like bacteria but differ in their chemical makeup and metabolism. Thrive in harsh environments (none have been proven to cause disease yet)

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54
Q

Fungi

A

A group of simple organisms similar to plants but without chlorophyll

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55
Q

Yeasts

A

Small single celled fungi

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56
Q

Mold

A

Large multi cellular fungi

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57
Q

Protozoa

A

One celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and DNA is organized in the nucleus

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58
Q

Amoebas shape

A

Large cells of changing shape
Pseudopodia (false feet that move/ pull it around)

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59
Q

Flagellates shape

A

Similar to amoebas but move by wiggling along
Flagella (whiplike extensions)

60
Q

Ciliates shape

A

Round
Cilia (short haired like projections that move it along)

61
Q

Sporozoa shape

A

Unusual organelles at their tips that allow them to enter host cells (coccidia)

62
Q

Amoeba

A

Entamoeba organisms:
Diarrhea, amebic dysentery, liver and lung infections

63
Q

Flagellate

A

Giardia organisms:
Giardiasis, diarrhea, and malabsorption syndrome

Trichomonas organisms:
Trichomonas, vaginitis, urinary tract infections

64
Q

Cillate

A

Balantidium organisms:
Gastrointestinal disturbances (pain, nausea, anorexia)

65
Q

Sporozoan (coccidium)

A

Isospora organisms:
Isosporiasis infection of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, and malabsorption syndrome

Plasmodium organisms:
Malaria

Toxoplasma organisms:
Toxoplamosis and congenital damage to fetus

66
Q

Candida organisms

A

Classified as fungus

Thrush and mucous membranes infections (vaginal yeast infections)

67
Q

Epidermophyton and microsporangia organisms

A

Classified as fungus

Tinea infections (ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot)

68
Q

Histoplasma organisms

A

Classified as fungus

Histoplasmosis

69
Q

Aspergillosis organisms

A

Classified as fungus

Aspergillosis and pneumonia

70
Q

Coccidioides organisms

A

Classified as fungus

Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin fever)

71
Q

Bacillus organisms

A

Classified as bacteria

Anthrax and gastroenteritis

72
Q

Clostridium organisms

A

Classified as bacteria

Botulism, tetanus, and soft tissue infections

73
Q

Enterobacteria organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

Salmonella, diseases and gastroenteritis

74
Q

Pseudomonas organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

External otitis (swimmers ear), endocarditis, and pulmonary infections

75
Q

Staphylococcus organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

Staphylococci infections, food poisoning, urinary tract infections, toxic shock syndrome

76
Q

Streptococcus organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

Throat infections, pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, rheumatic fever, dental caries

77
Q

Neisseria organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

Meningitis, gonorrhea , pelvic inflammatory disease

78
Q

Vibrio organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

Cholera, gastroenteritis, wound infections

79
Q

Campylobacter organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

Diarrhea

80
Q

Spirochetes

A

Classified as a bacteria

Syphilis, Lyme disease

81
Q

Rickettsia organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever

82
Q

Chlamydia organisms

A

Classified as a bacteria

Genital infections, lymphograniloma, venereum, pelvic inflammatory disease, conjunctivitis, parrot fever

83
Q

Metazoa

A

Pathogenic animals

Large multicellular organisms

84
Q

Nematodes shape

A

Large parasites (roundworms)
Transmitted though food or flies that bite

85
Q

Plathelminths shape

A

Large parasites (flatworms or flukes)

86
Q

Arthropods shape

A

Group of parasites
Mites, ticks, lice, fleas
Boring and stunning wasps and bees, mosquitos, and spiders

87
Q

Vector of disease

A

An organism that spreads disease to another organism

One to another

88
Q

Nematode

A

Animal:
Ascaris organisms, enterobius organisms, trichinella organisms

89
Q

Ascaris organisms

A

Classified as a Parasite

Intentional round worm, gastrointestinal obstruction, bronchial damage

90
Q

Enterobius organisms

A

Classified as a parasite

Pinworm infestation of the lower gastrointestinal tract, itching around the anus, and insomnia

91
Q

Trichnella organisms

A

Classified as a parasite

Trichinosis, fever, and muscle pain

92
Q

Platyhelminth

A

Animal:
Schistosome organisms, fasciola organisms, taenia organisms

93
Q

Schistosoma organisms

A

Classified as a parasite

Schistosomiasis (snail fever)

94
Q

Fasciola organisms

A

Classified as a parasite

Liver fluke infestation

95
Q

Taenia organisms

A

Classified as a parasite

Pork and beef tapeworm infestation

96
Q

Arthropod

A

Animal:
Arachnids organisms, insecta

97
Q

Arachnida organisms

A

Classified as a parasite

Infestation by mites and ticks, toxic bites by spiders, scorpions, and transmission of pathogens

98
Q

Insecta

A

Classified as a parasite

Infestations of fleas, ticks, toxic bites by wasps, mosquitoes, and bees, and transmission of other pathogens

99
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Killing of or disabling pathogens on surfaces before they can spread to other people

100
Q

Sterilization

A

Destruction of all living organisms

Ex:
Pressured steam bath, extreme temperature, radiation used to sterilize surgical equipment

101
Q

Disinfection

A

Destruction of most or all pathogens on inanimate objects but on necessarily all harmless microbes

Ex:
Chemicals such as iodine, chlorine, alcohol, phenol, and soaps

102
Q

Antisepsis

A

Inhabitation or inactivation of pathogens

Ex:
Chemicals such as alcohol, iodine quaternary ammonium compounds, and dyes

103
Q

Isolation

A

Separation of potentially infectious people or materials from non infected people

Ex:
Quarantine, protective apparel, disposal of bodily fluids, tissues, and other materials

104
Q

Opportunistic invasion

A

Pathogenic organisms that don’t cause disease until they have the opportunity

105
Q

Vaccine

A

Killed or weakened pathogen or part of a pathogen given to a person to stimulate immunity

106
Q

Antibiotics

A

Compounds produced by certain living organisms or in a laboratory that kill inhibit pathogens

(Penicillin)

107
Q

Bioterrorism

A

A pathogen that has been intentionally distributed to healthy victims

108
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Combination of processes that attempt to minimize injury to tissues (maintain homeostasis)

109
Q

Inflammatory response reasons

A

Mechanical injury:
Cuts, burns

Irritants:
Chemicals, radiation, toxins released by bacteria

110
Q

Regeneration

A

Tissue repair, new cells are similar to those they replace

111
Q

Replacement

A

New cells are different from those they replace

Like a scar

112
Q

Fibrosis

A

Fibrous tissue replaced the old tissue

113
Q

Signs of an inflammatory response

A

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

114
Q

Inflammation mediators

A

Histamine, prostaglandins and compounds such as kinins

Some mediators cause blood vessels to dilate (widen) to increase blood flow to the tissue

115
Q

White blood cells

A

Help to fight infections or diseases

116
Q

Edema

A

Water leaking out of a vessel causing tissue to swell

117
Q

Inflammatory exudate

A

Fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissue

118
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The movement of white blood cells in response to a chemical attractant

119
Q

Pus

A

Thickened inflammatory exudate with white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacterial cells, and other bebris

120
Q

Local

A

Confined to a point/ spot/ area of the body

121
Q

Systemic

A

Entire body

122
Q

Fever

A

Irritant or Inflamation of the body reset the internal “thermostat” to a higher temperature to kill or inhibit pathogenic microbes

123
Q

Neoplasm

A

“New matter” refers to an abnormal growth of cells

124
Q

Benign tumors

A

Remain localized within the tissue from which they arose

125
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Tend to spread to other regions of the body

126
Q

Benign tumor characteristics

A

Grows slow, is encapsulated in dense tissue, doesn’t expand to other tissues, similar to normal tissue cells, low mortality rate

127
Q

Malignant tumor characteristics

A

Grows rapidly, not encapsulated, spreads to other tissues, abnormal to the tissues in your body, high mortality rate

128
Q

Metastasis

A

Cells migrate through lymphatic or blood vessels

129
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign tumor (epithelial tissues)
Forms finger like projections like a wart

130
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor (epithelial tissue)
Glandular epithelium

131
Q

Nevus

A

Benign tumor (epithelial tissues)
Small pigmented tumors of the skin

132
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign tumor (connective tissues)
From adipose tissue

133
Q

Osteoma

A

Benign tumor (connective tissues)
Involves bone tissues

134
Q

Chondroma

A

Benign tumor (connective tissues)
Cartilage tissues

135
Q

Melanoma

A

Malignant tumor (epithelial tissues)
Involves melanocytes (skin)

136
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumors (epithelial tissues)
Glandular epithelium

137
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant tumors (connective tissues)
Cancer of the lymphatic tissues

138
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor (connective tissues)
Tumor of bone tissue

139
Q

Myeloma

A

Malignant tumor (connective tissues)
Bone marrow tumor

140
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumors (connective tissues)
Cancer of fiberous connective tissue

141
Q

Adenofibroma

A

Benign neoplasm formed by epithelial and connective tissues

142
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Malignant tumor that arises from nerve tissue

143
Q

Hyperplasia

A

A process that creates too many cells

144
Q

Anaplasia

A

A process of creating Abnormal, undifferentiated tumor cells

145
Q

Cachexia

A

Syndrome including loss of appetite, severe weight loss, and general weakness
Usually suffered by cancer patients

New Visions Medical (7 decks)

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