Mechanisms Flashcards
Nucleophilic substitution
Halogenoalkane to either an alcohol, nitrile, amine
-:OH
-:CN
:NH3
Free Radical Substitution
Cl2 ——> 2Cl.
Elimination
Double bond forms
Elimination (dehydration)
alcohol > alkene
Electrophilic addition
Breaks double bond
With H-Br, Br-Br, or alkyl sulfate
forms carbocations
Addition with alcohol
Hydration
Alkene to alcohol
double bond brakes
Nucleophilic addition
aldehyde or ketone back to alcohol
breaks double bond
can form optical isomers
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Acyl chloride to alcohol or amine
Electrophilic substitution
Adding to a benzene ring
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Acyl chloride to amide
R+C of nucleophilic substitution
Alcohol:
R- NaOH or halogenoalkane C- warm, aqueous, refulx
Nitrile:
R- halogenoalkane or KCN. C- aqueous, ethanolic, reflux
Ammonia:
R- halogenoalkane or ammonia
C- excess ammonia, hot
R+C of free radical substitution?
R- diatomic halogen
C- UV light
For ozone brake up:
R- ozone
C- UV light, chlorine free radical catalyst
R+C of elimination reactions?
R- NaOH, alcohol, halogenoalkane
C- ethanolic, heated
R+C of electrophilic addition
R- HX (whatever you are reacting with e.g. Br2, HBr)
C- Room temp
R+C of elimination of alcohols (dehydration)?
R- conc sulphuric acid and alcohol
C- heat
R+C of addition with alcohol?
R- Steam (H2O), alcohol
C- phosphoric acid catalyst, high temp, high pressure
R+C of nucleophilic addition-elimination?
R- nucleophile, carboxylic acid (or its derivatives)
C- acidified (conc acid catalyst), reflux
R+C of a primary alcohol to aldehyde? (oxidation)
R- acidified potassium dichromate
C- warm, distillation
R+C of primary alcohol to carboxylic acid? (oxidation)
R- acidified potassium dichromate
C- hot, reflux
R+C of secondary alcohol to ketone? (oxidation)
R- acidified potassium dichromate
C- hot, reflux
