Mechanisms

Question 1

Nucleophilic substitution

Answer 1

Halogenoalkane to either an alcohol, nitrile, amine

-:OH
-:CN
:NH3

Question 2

Free Radical Substitution

Answer 2

Cl2 ——> 2Cl.

Question 3

Elimination

Answer 3

Double bond forms

Question 4

Elimination (dehydration)

Answer 4

alcohol > alkene

Question 5

Electrophilic addition

Answer 5

Breaks double bond

With H-Br, Br-Br, or alkyl sulfate
forms carbocations

Question 6

Addition with alcohol

Answer 6

Hydration
Alkene to alcohol

double bond brakes

Question 7

Nucleophilic addition

Answer 7

aldehyde or ketone back to alcohol
breaks double bond

can form optical isomers

Question 8

Nucleophilic addition elimination

Answer 8

Acyl chloride to alcohol or amine

Question 9

Electrophilic substitution

Answer 9

Adding to a benzene ring

Question 10

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

Answer 10

Acyl chloride to amide

Question 11

R+C of nucleophilic substitution

Answer 11

Hydroxide: R- NaOH or KOH. C- warm, aqueous, refulx

Cyanide: R- NaCN or KCN. C- heat, ethanolic, aqueous, reflux

Ammonia: R- Excess ethanolic ammonia
C- heated and high pressure

Question 12

R+C of free radical substitution?

Answer 12

R- Cl2
C- UV light, above 450 degrees

Question 13

R+C of elimination of haloalkanes?

Answer 13

R- NaOH or KOH
C- ethanolic, heated

Question 14

R+C of electrophilic addition

Answer 14

R- HX (whatever you are reacting with e.g. Br2, HBr)
C- Room temp

Question 15

R+C of elimination of alcohols (dehydration)?

Answer 15

R- conc sulphuric or phosphoric acid
C- heat

Question 16

R+C of addition with alcohol?

Answer 16

R- Steam
C- Acid catalyst (sulphuric acid) and 300 degrees