idk yet Flashcards
What is non-superimposable?
Can’t place one directly on top of the other and them be the same
What is a chiral carbon?
A carbon with 4 different groups
What are the mirror images called in an optical isomer?
Enantiomers
What is a racemic mixture?
50:50 split of both enantiomers
How do you test for optical isomers?
Using a polarised light filter
-depending on the enantiomer, will rotate the light clockwise or anti-clockwise.
Aldehyde or ketone goes to alcohol, what is the mechanism called?
Nucleophilic addition
What is the conditions for nucleophilic addition?
Slightly acidic
What mechanism can form optical isomers?
nucleophilic addition
Why can optical isomers be formed from nucleophilic addition?
The carbonyl is planar so the nucleophile can attack from either side to make a chiral carbon, so equal liklihood, racemic mixture
Why might an optical isomer not be formed?
Ketone was symmetrical
What is the reducing agent for ketones and aldehydes?
Sodium borohydride - NaBH4
[H]
:H-
What is Sodium Borohydride represented as in a mechanism for ketone reduction?
-:H
Why is the boiling points of carboxylic acids high?
More VDW forces as it forms a dimer, double hydrogen bonding between The H of OH and O of C=O
What forces do esters have?
VDW and dipole-dipole
Can an ester react as an acid?
No
What makes an ester?
Alcohol + Carboxylic acid ——> (reversible) ester
Reflux and strong sulphuric acid catalyst
How do you name an ester?
Alcohol= side chain
Carboxylic acid= main name
Methanol + ethanoic acid. —-> Methyl ethanoate
Describe the structure of an ester
C=O bonded with another O and two R groups
What might esters be used for in life?
Solvents, sweet smells, foods
What can you hydrolyse an eater with!
Acidic: H2O
Alkaline: NaOH
Describe the transesterification reaction
Oil + Methanol (3CH3OH) ——-> glycerol + CH3OOCH
What is an anhydride?
Form a W shape C=O O C=O
and R groups
What is an Acyl Chloride?
R group with C=O and Cl
How do you name an acyl chloride?
longest carbon chain + oyl chloride
e.g ethanoyl chloride
What do you use Nucleophilic Addition Elimination for?
Acyl chlorides
Add water, eliminates Cl into OH
Leaves alcohol and HCl
Why are acid anhydrides better than acid chlorides?
Cheaper
Less corrosive
Doesn’t react readily with water
Safer
Don’t need as much
Slower tho
How do you name an acid anhydride?
Name one of the carboxylic acids in it, change oic acid to oic anhydride
