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Physiology Block 6 > Mechanical Activity Of The Heart > Flashcards

Mechanical Activity Of The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid will move according to __________

A

Pressure gradients

  • high pressure to low pressure
  • will flow until pressure is equalized
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2
Q

What does it mean for blood to be non compressible?

A

Compression will raise pressure without affecting volume

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3
Q

What does it mean that the heart is compliant

A

Blood filling heart will increase pressure and increase its volume

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4
Q

What are atria primarily for?

A

Used to fill ventricles

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5
Q

What are the ventricles for

A

Force generation

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6
Q

Which ventricle is stronger

A

Left

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7
Q

Purpose of the AV valves?

A

Prevent backflow into atria

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8
Q

Where is the mitral valve

A

Between LA and LV

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9
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between RA and RV

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10
Q

What do the semilunar valves prevent

A

Backflow into ventricles

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11
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Between RV and pulmonary artery

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12
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

Between LV and aorta

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13
Q

Period of relaxation and filling with blood

A

Diastole

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14
Q

Diastole: pressure drops, no change in volume

A

Isovolumic relaxation

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15
Q

What happens during diastole?

A
  • isovolumic relaxation
  • rapid filling
  • reduced filling
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16
Q

Period of force generation

A

Systole

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17
Q

Systole: isovolumic contraction

A

Pressure rises, no volume change

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18
Q

What happens during systole

A

Isovolumic contraction
Rapid ejection
Reduced ejection

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19
Q

Filling of ventricle in diastole happens as long as what

A

Left atrial pressure is higher than left ventricular pressure. Mitral valves is opened, aortic valve is closed

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20
Q

When does diastole end

A

As ventricle begins to contract

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21
Q

On a pressure vs time chart, when does diastole end?

A

In window A. It’s a small rise in pressure

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22
Q

What is the volume that is left in the left ventricle at the end of diastole called?

A

End-diastolic volume ((EDV)

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23
Q

What is the pressure of the LV at the end of diastole?

A

End-diastolic pressure (EDP)

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24
Q

What does end diastolic pressure tell us?

A

Preload. Amount of stretch before it contracts. Venous return is also preload

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25
Q

On a pressure vs volume graph, where is diastole?

A

C

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26
Q

What is the beginning of systole

A

LV begin to contract and mitral valve slams shut

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27
Q

What is the first heart sound

A

The beginning of systole

-LV begin to contract and mitral valve slams shut

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28
Q

During systole, when can blood escape the left ventricle

A

Heart rapidly builds pressure but blood cannot escape until it surpasses aortic pressure.
-systemic blood pressure is higher than LV pressure and has to overcome this to move

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29
Q

How fast the LV blood pressure is generated (dp/dt) can be used as a readout of contractility

A

Isovolumic contraction

-until it generates enough force to move. Has to overcome afterload. Isometric to isotonic

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30
Q

On the pressure vs time graphs, where is systole?

A

In column B-D

Sharp incline

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31
Q

On a pressure vs volume graph, where is systole?

A

C-D

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32
Q

On the pressure vs volume graph, where does the mitral valve close?

A

C

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33
Q

On the pressure vs volume graph, where does the aortic valve open?

A

D

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34
Q

What happens when LV pressure surpasses aortic pressure?

A

Aortic valve opens, blood is ejected into circulation

Rapid ejection

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35
Q

Why does flow through aorta continue even when pressure gradient drops?

A

Due to the dispensable it’s of aorta.

-reduced ejection

36
Q

When do aortic valves close?

A

Once flow slows enough

Ventricles begin to relax

37
Q

Atria fill throughout what

A

Ventricular systole

38
Q

What is the second heart sound

A

Once flow slows enough, aortic valves close and ventricles relax

39
Q

What is the volume left at the end of systole

A

End systolic volume (ESV)

Volume left ventricle after its finished contracting

40
Q

Where is rapid ejection shown on the pressure vs time graph?

A

C

41
Q

Where is rapid ejection show on the pressure vs volume

A

D-E

42
Q

Where is reduced ejection on the time vs pressure graph?

A

D

43
Q

Where is the reduced ejection on the pressure vs volume graph

A

E-F

44
Q

When HR goes up, which shortens, diastole or systole?

A

Diastole

45
Q

Between diastole and systole, which is longer?

A

Diastole

46
Q

Heart rapidly relaxes with no volume change

A

Isovolumic relaxation

47
Q

Where on the pressure vs time graph is isometric relaxation

A

E

48
Q

When does the mitral valve open?

A

Once left atrial pressure is greater than left ventricle pressure
-rapid filling of ventricle

49
Q

What happens to the ventricle as it fills?

A

Filling slows as ventricle fills

  • increasing volume slowly stretches heart to increase pressure
  • reduced filling
50
Q

Where on the pressure vs volume graph, where is isometric relaxation

A

F-A

51
Q

How many heart sounds are there?

A

4

52
Q

What is the 1st heart sound?

A

Mitral valve closure

53
Q

When do you hear the first heart sound?

A

Initiation of systole

54
Q

How many heart sounds do you NORMALLY hear?

A

2

55
Q

What is the second heart sound?

A

Aortic valve closing

56
Q

When do you hear the second heart sound

A

End of systole, start of diastole

57
Q

When does the 3rd heart sound occur?

A

Blood rushing into ventricles.

Early in diastole
Changes in which ventricles fill with blood. Rapid influx of blood in ventricles

58
Q

Who can you sometimes hear the 3rd heart sound in and what does it indicate?

A

-small children and highly trained athletes. NORMAL

If you hear this heart sound in anyone else, it is pathologic

59
Q

What is the 4th heart sound?

A

Filling a stiff ventricle

Late in diastole

60
Q

What is the 4th heart sound associated with?

A

Pathology, usually heart failure.

61
Q

What is the lub, in lub-dub

A

1st heart sound, mitral valve closing

62
Q

What is the dub, in the lub dub

A

Aortic valve closing

63
Q

Why is blood flow unidirectional

A

Because of valves

64
Q

What prevents backflow into the atria

A

AV valves (mitral, tricuspid)

65
Q

What prevents backflow into ventricles

A

Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)

66
Q

What is the difference between volume at the end diastole and end systole

A

Stroke volume (SV)

67
Q

SV is equal to

A

EDV-ESV

68
Q

What is a normal SV

A

95m/s

69
Q

What is the total amount of blood ejected during one beat

A

Stroke volume

70
Q

Sounds that arise from valvular issues

A

Murmurs

71
Q

These types of murmurs allow backwards flow

A

Incompetent

72
Q

This type of murmurs the valves don’t fully open

A

Stenotic

73
Q

These types of murmurs are heard during systole

A

Systolic murmurs

74
Q

These types of murmurs are heard during diastole

A

Diastolic murmurs

75
Q

These types of murmurs are heard all through the cardiac cylce

A

Continuous murmur

76
Q

What kind of murmurs arise from valve pathology

A

Systolic and diastolic murmurs

77
Q

What kind of murmurs arise from an atomic malformation

A

Continuous murmurs

78
Q

What kind of murmur has the loudest sound during systole

A

Systolic murmur: stenotic aortic murmur

79
Q

What kind of systolic murmur has least amount of sound in systole

A

Incompetent (mitral)

80
Q

What murmur is heard the loudest during diastole?

A

Aortic incompetent

81
Q

Which murmur is heard the least in diastole

A

Mitral (stenotic)

82
Q

What kind of murmurs result from holes in heart

A

Continuous

83
Q

During which stage of the cardiac cycle is ventricular pressure falling and all valves are closed?

A

Isovolumic relaxation

84
Q

What would happen to stroke volume if ESV got larger

A

Lower

85
Q

An incompetent mitral valve would allow blood to flow from the

A

LV to the LA

Physiology Block 6 (7 decks)

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