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Physiology Block 6 > Circulation, Hemodynamics And Pressure Regulation > Flashcards

Circulation, Hemodynamics And Pressure Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of valve is the circulatory system

A

One way, closed circuit

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2
Q

How does blood leave heart

A

Arteries

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3
Q

All vessels are lined with

A

Endothelium

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4
Q

Cargo is exchanged in the

A

Caps

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5
Q

Where do caps branch from

A

Arterioles

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6
Q

Blood is returned to the heart via

A

Veins

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7
Q

What vessel has a single layer of endothelium

A

Caps

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8
Q

Blood leaves the LV via

A

Aorta

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9
Q

Thick walled vessels

A

Arteries

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10
Q

High pressure, low volume. Resistance (what type of vessel)

A

Arteries

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11
Q

What vessel controls blood pressure and blood flow

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

Musculature of the arterioles

A

Very muscular

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13
Q

What is lacking in arterioles and what does it have more of

A

Less elastic, more smooth muscle

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14
Q

What kind of receptors in arterioles

A

a1 (SNS innervation)

B2 receptors

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15
Q

Elasticicity of aorta

A

Hugely elastic with out high pressure. Recoils and push blood out during diastole

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16
Q

Epinephrine on the arterioles

A

B2 receptors. Causes vasodilation (skeletal muscle)

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17
Q

Elastic, smooth, fibrous

A

Arteries

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18
Q

Thin walled vessels

A

Caps

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19
Q

Single layer of endothelium

A

Caps

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20
Q

Opened or closed by pre cap sphincter

A

Caps

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21
Q

What bridges the arteries and venous systems

A

Caps

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22
Q

Where does cargo exchange occur

A

Caps

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23
Q

____ join together to form progressively larger vessels

A

Venues

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24
Q

Thin walled vessels that are very compliant and elastic with a small amount of smooth muscle

A

Veins

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25
Q

Low pressure, high volume. Compliance (vessels)

A

Veins

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26
Q

How much smooth muscle in veins

A

Not much

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27
Q

Innervation of veins

A 
SNS innervation (a1, B2)
A1-gets less stretchy, lowers venous compliance, force more blood over to arteriole side
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28
Q

Flow in veins

A

One way flow due to valves

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29
Q

What drains into RA

A

Vena cava

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30
Q

Where does most of the blood sit

A

Veins

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31
Q

How does blood flow

A

High pressure to low pressure

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32
Q

As resistance increases, what happens to flow

A

Slows

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33
Q

As pressure difference drops, what happens to flow

A

Slows

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34
Q

What is velocity of blood flow dependent on

A

Size of total area of the vessels

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35
Q

Where does blood flow the fastest?

A

Through the single, large vessels (aorta)

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36
Q

Where does blood slowest?

A

Through many, small vessels (large cross section Bc so many of them)

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37
Q

Why does aorta have small cross section

A

Because there is only one aorta

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38
Q

Why do we want the caps to have slow blood flow

A

For nutrient exchange

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39
Q

Is blood dispersed evenly throughout the circulatory system?

A

No

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40
Q

What holds most of the blood

A

Veins

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41
Q

What is the blood volume reservoir of the body

A

Veins

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42
Q

Pressure in veins

A

Lots of volume, little pressure

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43
Q

What controls flow back to heart

A

Veins

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44
Q

Pressure in arteries

A

High pressure, low volume

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45
Q

What controls the flow to the caps

A

Arteries

46
Q

At which level of the vasculature us blood pressure most controlled

A

Arterioles

47
Q

At which level of the vasculature is venous return most controlled

A

Veins

48
Q

Administration of an alpha 1 agonist would decrease blood flow to which kind of vessel

A

Capillaries

SNS has greatest effect on arterioles, it makes it harder to pass into caps, pressure builds in the arteries

49
Q

Why is the venous system such a low pressure system, despite containing the most volume

A

High compliance vessels

50
Q

What is resistance most dependent on?

A

Radius of blood vessels because its s raised to the 4th power

51
Q

What is resistance determined by (equation)

A

Poiseuille equation

52
Q

As diameter of vessels goes down what happens to resistance

A

Goes up

53
Q

How is the circulatory system arranged

A

In both parallel and series

54
Q

_____ arrangement occurs within an organ

A

Series

55
Q

______ arrangement occurs when you look at multiple organs

A

Parallel

56
Q

What are the two way in which blood flows

A

Laminar and turbulent

57
Q

Straight line flows

A

Laminar

58
Q

Not straight line flows, calculated by Reynolds number

A

Turbulent

59
Q

What kind of flow prevents clot formation by keeping shear forces high at vessel walls

A

Laminar

60
Q

What kind of flow happens when there is a kink in the vessel

A

Turbulent

  • vessel no longer straight
  • narrows
  • blood velocity slows
  • murmurs
61
Q

What kind of flow will you hear murmurs

A

Turbulent

62
Q

A carotid bruit (systolic murmur heard in the carotid artery) is most likely the result of

A

Carotid artery plaques

63
Q

Where is the biggest drop in systemic pressure

A

Arterioles

64
Q

Where is the most pressure in systemic

A

Aorta

65
Q

Where is the pressure the lowest in systemic circulation

A

Caps 35-15

66
Q

Which side of the heart has more pressure

A

Left

67
Q

Which side of the heart ejects most blood

A

They eject the same amount of blood

68
Q

Which side of the heart has a greater cardiac output

A

They are equal

69
Q

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

A

Pulse pressure

SBP-DMP=PP

70
Q

Average pressure during a complete cylce

A

Mean arterial pressure

DP+ 1/3PP=MAP

71
Q

What is the normal MAP

A

About 100

72
Q

What is the driving force for blood flow to organs and caps

A

MAP

73
Q

What does your. Body regulate when regulating blood pressure

A

MAP

74
Q

How can you alter MAP

A 
Alternating CO (HR or SV)
altering TPR (afterload)
75
Q

Why do we have to be careful about altering TPR to regulate MAP?

A

Changing TPR can change CO

76
Q

What is the easiest thing to change in order to alter MAP

A

HR

77
Q

What does altering TPR do

A

Ultimately changing afterload

  • constrict or dilate arterioles
  • directly increases or decreases MAP
  • also decreases or increases CO by changing SV
78
Q

How do you change stroke volume

A

Increase SV, increase CO, increase MAP

  • increase EDP or venous retune (preload)
  • increase contractility (inotrope)
79
Q

What are the two things that MAP is controlled by

A
  • baroreceptors reflex

- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

80
Q

What is the neural control of MAP

A

-baroreceptor reflex (TPR, HR, contractility an venous return)

81
Q

What control of MAP is renal control

A

RAAS

-blood volume and TPR (Mostly blood volume)

82
Q

Which control of MAP is the most powerful

A

RAAS

83
Q

Which control of the MAP is the fastest

A

Baroreceptors (neural)

84
Q

What does baroreceptors sense

A

MAP

85
Q

How do baroreceptors sense MAP

A
  • two mechanosenstive group of cells
  • carries info to medulla via CN 9 and 10
  • stretch activated
86
Q

Carotid sinus bifurcation

A
  • bifurcation of carotid artery

- info carried on CN 9

87
Q

Aortic arch baroreceptor

A
  • arch of aorta

- info carried on CN 10

88
Q

What does HTN do to MAP

A

Rises

  • decreased vasoconstrictors
  • stretch stimulates decrease constrictions
  • slow SA, decreased CO and TPR
89
Q

What happens to MAP during hemorrhage

A

Drops

  • decelerate inhibited, PNS turned down
  • accelerator and constrictor increase
  • increase MAP CO
90
Q

What organ is very concerned about blood pressure

A

Kidney

91
Q

Why does kidney need blood pressure

A

To filter blood to make urine

92
Q

What kind of MAP control can cause a volume overload

A

RAAS

93
Q

Reduced renal profusion (blood flow) causes kidney to release

A

Renin

94
Q

What does renin do

A

Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen I

95
Q

What does angiotensinogen I do

A

Converted to angiotensin II by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

96
Q

What is an example of a reason for Renin secretion

A

Bleeding out

97
Q

What does AngII do

A

Vasoconstriction and releases aldosterone

98
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Increases Na reabsorption, which then causes water reabsorption , which increases blood volume

99
Q

Which system of blood pressure regulation would alter pressure the fastest

A

Neural (baroreceptor)

100
Q

Given sufficient time, which system of blood pressure regulation would be Abel to create the largest change in blood pressure

A

Renal (RAAS)

101
Q

What are other mechanisms of regulating MAP other than the neural and RAAS?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone

- cardiopulmonary receptors

102
Q

What is another name for antidiuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin

103
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do

A

-released from pos pituitary in high serum similarity and low BP

104
Q

What do vasopressin 1 receptors do

A

Arteriolar constriction-raise BP

105
Q

What do vasopressin 2 receptors do

A

Kidney reabsorbs more water, raises BP

106
Q

What are the two basic things that the antidiuretic hormone does

A

Stops peeing, increase BP

107
Q

Where are the cardiopulmonary receptor located

A

In veins, atria, and pulmonary arteries

108
Q

What are the cardiopulmonary receptors

A

Volume receptors on venous side (low pressure)

-sense fullness

109
Q

What do the cardiopulmonary receptors respond to

A

High volume

110
Q

What do the cardiopulmonary receptor do

A
  • Releases Atrial natriuretic peptide to produce more urine
  • decreases ADH secretion (more urine)
  • renal vasodilation (more urine)
  • increased HR (indirectly more urine)
111
Q

Assume point E is normal, hyperaldosteronism without cardiac compensation would result in a shift where

A

Moves up

Increase blood volume, move up on chart. It would compensate by lower contractility

112
Q

If you have a massive MI, what kind of shift would there be

A

Decreased force, decreased contractility

Moves down on chart for contractility

Physiology Block 6 (7 decks)

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