Measuring human development Flashcards
Name four ways we know how developed a country is?
- GDP
- GDP per capita
- GDP per capita based on PPP
- GNI
What is GDP?
The total value of goods and services produced every year
What is GDP per capita?
GDP divided by population to calculate mean wealth
What is GDP per capita based on Purchasing Power Parity?
Differences in cost of living usually compared to the USA or between countries
What is GNI?
Total wealth created by a country including exports
Describe the North-South divide by Willy Brandt in 1981
- W. German councillor created the Brandt line report to demonstrate the development gap
- Wealthy North and Poor South
- Concern for two-thirds of the population living in poverty
Why can the Brandt line be criticised?
- Out dated and simplistic
- Economic development is a complex pattern as some parts of nations are considerably wealthy e.g. Shanghai
- Some countries decline in development
- Rapid development and rising incomes in ‘poor south’
Human Development Index:
- Devised by (1), a (2) index figure including life expectancy, education and (3)
- No account for (4) or (5) engagement, security or freedom of speech
- Data collected is (6)
1 - the UN 2 - single 3 - GDP per capita by US$ PPP 4 - environmental quality 5 - democratic 6 - statistical
What is the Happy Planet Index equation?
EW x (LE / EF)
Experienced Wellbeing
Life Expectancy
Ecological Footprint
Describe the 2012 HPI
- No country has a high and sustained EW but nine were close including the Caribbean
- High incomes reduced by EF
- USA (largest economy) ranked 105th out of 151
Human Freedom Index:
- State of human freedom from (1) components
- Individual dignity defined as (2)
- Co published by four institutes of (3)
- (4) indicators, covering (5) countries
- Scale of 1-10, average score in 2015 was (6) which is a decrease from 2014
1 - personal, economic and civil 2 - negative liberty 3 - freedom 4 - 79 5 - 159 6 - 6.93
Why was Costa Rica ranked the happiest place to live in 2014?
- Abolished army in 1949 to relocate funds to education, health and pensions
- More GDP spending in education than the UK in 2012
- World leading country in environmental protection e.g. tax on fossil fuel and forest protection schemes
- In 2015, 99% of its energy was from renewable sources
Sharia Law:
- Fundamental law of (1)
- Theft is punishable by (2)
- Conversion from Islam is punishable by (3)
- A woman may have (4) husband(s) but a man can have up to (5) wives
- A man may beat his wife for (6)
1 - Islam 2 - Amputation of right hand 3 - Death 4 - 1 5 - 4 6 - defiance
What five fundamentals does Sharia Law say world and religious life depend on?
Preservation of
Religion, Life, Intellect, Language and Wealth
Describe Bosnia under Evo Morales:
- President since (1) from the (2) minority
- Communist or Capitalist?
- Extreme poverty has decreased by (3)%
- Still one of (4)’s poorest countries
1 - 2005 2 - indigenous Communist 3 - 43% 4 - South America's
What two case studies would you use to describe fundamental differences in development?
Sharia Law and Bosnia under Evo Morales
Why could using GDP, GDPpp, GDPpp on PPP and GNI not be the best ways to represent the world as a whole?
They only consider one dimension of economics and other methods include a range of statistics
What four factors does the perception of development depend on?
Values, Ethnicity, Ideology and Morals
Development tends to be considered as the enrichment of wellbeing through;
- Improving (1) rather than assuming economic growth and wellbeing
- Giving opportunities to develop abilities e.g. (2)
- Creating (3) to promote individual freedom e.g. (4)
1 - individual lives
2 - promoting higher education
3 - Girl’s education
Describe Bolivia’s development strategy since 2006
- Law of Mother Earth (Nature is a dynamic system of an undivided community and so they respond to climate change)
- Less agricultural production and more rural-urban migration, water shortages
- Rights of indigenous tribes not to be affected by infrastructure
- Economic change previously based on mining
- 40% have no sanitation
Who ranked first and bottom two on the HPI?
1 - Costa Rica. 2 - Mexico
139 - Luxembourg. 140 - Chad
Who ranked first and bottom two on the HDI?
1 - Norway/ 2 - Switzerland
170 - Ivory Coast/ 171 - Malawi
Who ranked first and bottom two on the freedom index?
1 - Hong Kong/ 2 - Singapore
179 - Venezuela/ 180 - N. Korea
1960 - 1 billion industrialised and (1) developing
2010 - (2) poorest nations, (3) emerging and 1bn industrialised/ more development but greater (4)
2050 - 2bn developed, 3bn emerging due to (5) and 4bn poorest
1 - 2 billion 2 - 2 billion 3 - 4 billion 4 - development gap 5 - green technology
Give six reasons why education is important
- Development of healthcare and hygiene
- Rights of the 21st century
- Family planning
- Decision making
- Skiled workforce
- Quality of life
What five factors can prevent access to education?
- Gender
- Wealth
- Class
- Disability
- Ethnicity
- Education aid is (1)% lower than in 2009
- In 2016, (2) aimed to train 238k teachers worldwide
- In poor countries, up to (3)% of disabled children can’t access an education
- Many girls miss school due to a lack of (4)
1 - 4
2 - Global Partnership for Education
3 - 95
4 - Menstrual hygiene
How is UNESCO improving education?
- Ensuring every child receives education as a fundamental human right
- Female literacy is less than a quarter of male literacy in Africa and S. Asia
- S. America has the greatest overall expenditure
- Total number of projects is greater in Africa
Methods of measuring development:
- BL
- GDP
- HDI
- PQLI
- HPI
- Brandt line
- Gross Domestic Product
- Human Development Index
- Physical Quality of Life Index
- Happy Planet Index
Methods of measuring development:
- CPI
- NoD
- MP/IA
- SPI
- GII
- Corruption Perception Index
- Number of Doctors
- Mobile Phone/ Internet Access
- Social Progress Index
- Gender Inequality Index
Describe the PQLI
- Scale of 0-100 based on life expectancy, infant mortality and adult literacy
- Shows progress and skill set of a country
- Not economic and weightings are unclear
Describe the CPI
- Scale of 0-100, annually collected since 1995 by surveys
- First systematic comparison, 177 countries, galvanised anti-corruption initiatives
- Only considers bribery not types and relative security
Describe the use of number of doctors to measure human development
- Represents medical expertise, wellbeing and education
- Doesn’t account for brain drain or proportionality to population
Describe the use of mobile phones and internet access to measure human development
- Advancements of technology and access to international markets
- Increases international awareness and links
- Doesn’t consider restrictions from government
Describe the Social Progress Index
- Extent to which social and environmental needs are met, 44 indicators on a scale of 0-100
- Holistic social progress, qualitative to suggest weakness and improvement
- Not economic, individual freedom not included
Describe the Gender Inequality Index
- Gender gaps in life expectancy and income inequality
- Empowerment beyond literacy
- Excludes employment type, asset ownership and child support
Name 7 social development indicators
Birth rates, Infant mortality, Literacy rate, Death rate, People per doctor, life expectancy and human development index
Name three economic development indicators
GDP, GNI, PPP
Name two political development indicators
CPI and HFI
Name two environmental development indicators
Access to safe water and ecological footprint
Development in Malawi:
- Birth rate decreased since (1)
- (2) population
- Life expectancy increased by (3) years = 63
- Infant mortality decreased by over (4)
1 - 1980
2 - Ageing
3 - 15
4 - one-third
Development in the UK:
- Birth rate decreased by (1) and death rate by (2)
- (3)% of the population aged over 65
- Life expectancy increased by (4) = 81
- Infant mortality decreased by (5)
1 - 1 2 - 3 3 - 18 4 - 7 years 5 - one-third
Development in South Korea:
- Birth rate decreased from 23 to (1)
- Lowest (2) rate
- Highest life expectancy = (3)
- Lowest (4) mortality
1 - 9
2 - fertility
3 - 82
4 - infant
Describe the difference in global GDP from 1960-2015
Increased by 83 million to 100m in 2015
Describe the Gini Coefficient
- Score 0-1
- 0 = same income
- 1 = max inequality where minority owns majority of wealth
