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Dental Public Health > Measuring Health and Disease > Flashcards

Measuring Health and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need to measure health and disease?

A

Understand factors that influence disease distribution (causes and risks)
Prevent or control spread of diseases

Asses the service need of a population
Evaluate effectiveness of treatment and services

research

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2
Q

How can we meaure population and demographics? And what things in a population can we measure?

A

census and population profiles

Can measure:
Death
Disease
QOL
Risk Factors
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3
Q

How can we measure death?

A

Mortality rates

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4
Q

How can we measure disease?

A

morbidity rates

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5
Q

How can we measure QOL?

A

impact of diseases

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6
Q

How can we measure risk factors?

A

lifestyle
diet
exercise

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7
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specified populations and the applications of this study to control health problems

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8
Q

How can epidemioligy be used?

A 
to look at
Frequency
Distribution
Causation
Natrual History
Needs Assesment
Prevention
Evaluation
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9
Q

Give an example where epidemiology has been used?

A

in the study of the effect of fluorides, mottling and caries

Observation: Mottling and caries
Distribition: colarado springs 
Causation: water suplies
prevetion programme Grand rapids
Evaluations done ? UK US, Holland
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10
Q

What are the limitations of clinical experience?

A 
Patients may get better anyway
placebo effect
no controls
follow up is hap hazard as those that dont get better wont return 
small numbers of patients
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11
Q

Describe the clinical iceberg phenomena

A

known to healthservices
symptoms but not sort advice
diseased nut not yet aware as no symptoms

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12
Q

where can data be sourced routinely?

A

census
cancer regisry
hospital episode stats
death certificates

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13
Q

Where can date be sourced other than routinely?

A

can be collected specifcally for the purpose ie research

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14
Q

what are the four types of population pyrmaids?

A

stage 1: expanding: pre industrial where birth and death rates are in balance
stage 2: expanding: developing countries where death rates are declining
stage 3: stationary where population growth levels off
stage 4: contracting populations where population is declining

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15
Q

What is the shape of Bristols population pyramid?

A

it is at stage 4: declining

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16
Q

What is the purpose of a population pyramid

A

it can be used to observe population changes over time and can be useful when planning health care services

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17
Q

What is the index of multiple deprivation (IMD) based upon?

A

based on the idea that there are distinct dimension of deprivation which can be recognised and measured spearatly

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18
Q

What does the index of multiple deprivation measure?

A

measures areas not individual level of deprovation

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19
Q

which 7 domains comprise the index of multiple deprivation?

A 
income
emplyment
health and disability
education
skills and training
barriers to housing and other services
living environment
crime
20
Q

How is a IMD score created?

A

the values for each of the domain are combined to give an overall value

21
Q

What is the rate?

A

number of events, cases, or deaths in a time period divided by the population in te same time period

22
Q

what is the incidence rate?

A

frequency of NEW cases of an event in a population in a time period

23
Q

what is the prevelance rate?

A

the number of existing vases of a disease divided by the population at a point in time

24
Q

What three things causes the prevelance of a disease to decrease?

A

emigration
death
recovery

25
Q

What one thing causes prevelance to increase?

A

incidence

26
Q

How are mortality rates calculated?

A

from death certificates these have birth and death date on and also cause of wreath primary and secondary

27
Q

What statstical calculation is always applied to create mortality rates?

A

they are always age standardised

28
Q

What is the problem with obtaining mortality rates from death certificates?

A

the evidence is only as good as the person filling out the certificate
Only 47% had predicted cause of death
Discrepancy between death certificates and necropsy findings

29
Q

What is a means of guaging the burden of disease?

A

QALY

quality adjusted Life years

30
Q

Why is morbidity harder to measure than mortality?

A

due to the clinical iceberg effect

31
Q

What oral disease can we give as a case study for measuring health and disease?

A

Oral cancer

32
Q

What percentage of cancers does oral cancer comprise in UK?

A

4% in UK

33
Q

What is the age standard incidence rate for oral cancer?

A

8/100000/yr

34
Q

What is the prevalence rate for oral cancer in England and Wales?

A

3000/yr

35
Q

What is the death rate for oral cancer in England and Wales?

A

1600/yr

36
Q

Oral cancer is more common in which gender?

A

Male

1.6:1

37
Q

In which group is oral cancer more commonly seen amongst?

A

90% occur in aged 40 +

38
Q

What is the regional variation in oral cancer?

A

More common in N than S

More common in wales than England

39
Q

What factors are related to oral cancer?

A 
SES
Smoking
Tobacol
Alcohol
HPV
Vitamin Def
40
Q

How has the incidence rate for oral cancer amongst men aged 40-50. changed since 1975/6 and 2002/3?

A

It has increSsed with the biggest increase seen in those aged 45-49. The rates have more than doubled

41
Q

How has the incidence rate for oral cancer amongst Men aged 80+ men changed since 1975/6 and 2002/3?

A

It has decreased, incidence has almost halved

42
Q

What are the causes for the increase in oral cancer in young men?

A

HPV
diet
Alcohol

43
Q

What three scales exist to measure social class?

A 
Registrars generals social classes 1913
Social class by occupation 
National statistics socio economic classification 2001
44
Q

What is the problem with using the national statistics socio economic classification?

A

Too technical it has 8 main categories (analytical scale )and 17 minor (operational scale )

45
Q

What are the groups in the social class by occupation?

A 
1: professional
2 : managerial
3n : skilled non manual 
3m: skilled manual 
4: partly skilled 
5: unskilled
46
Q

How much of the global population smokes?

A

1/3

Kills 1/10

47
Q

Smoking ban in the UK introduced when?

A

2007

But not in bus shelters,nursing homes, prisons and psychiatric homes

Dental Public Health (13 decks)

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