Measurement

Question 1

Characteristics of Sleep (direct observation; 7)

Answer 1

1) stereotypic posture
2) absence of or little movement
3) reduced response to stimulation
4) slow and regular breathing
5) blank facial expression
6) closed eyes
7) reversible

Question 2

Types of self-report measures (2)

Answer 2

1) retrospective

2) prospective

Question 3

Retrospective self-report example

Answer 3

Insomnia Severity Index

Question 4

Retrospective self-report advantages (5)

Answer 4

1) easy to administer
2) fairly comprehensive
3) requires minimal explanation
4) inexpensive
5) sensitive to change (for treatment outcome studies)

Question 5

Retrospective self-report disadvantages (3)

Answer 5

1) relies on an average
2) influenced by saliency and recency
3) pre-post study designs - open to experimental demand

Question 6

Prospective self-report example

Answer 6

Sleep diary

Question 7

Prospective self-report advantages (5)

Answer 7

1) does not require concept of average
2) applies to only one time point
3) night to night variability
4) get a sense of circadian phase: owl or lark
5) useful for collecting data on effect of naps, alcohol

Question 8

Prospective self-report disadvantages (3)

Answer 8

1) still retrospective
2) based on subjective impression
3) difficult to get compliance: time locked data

Question 9

SOL

Answer 9

sleep onset latency

Question 10

WASO

Answer 10

wake after sleep onset

Question 11

EMA

Answer 11

early morning waking

Question 12

TST

Answer 12

total sleep time

Question 13

SE

Answer 13

sleep efficiency

Question 14

Formula for SE

Answer 14

time asleep / time in bed x 100

Question 15

REM

Answer 15

rapid eye movement sleep

Question 16

SWS

Answer 16

slow wave sleep/ delta sleep

combination of stages 3 or 4

Question 17

EEG

Answer 17

electroencephalogram

Question 18

EOG

Answer 18

electro-oculogram

Question 19

EMG

Answer 19

electromyogram

Question 20

actigraphy

Answer 20

watch-like machine estimates sleep/wake cycle via movement

Question 21

actigraphy advantages (2)

Answer 21

1) cheap and easy to use

2) reasonable correlation between actigraphy- and PSG defined sleep estimates for adult normal sleepers

Question 22

actigraphy disadvantage (3)

Answer 22

1) not validated for children/adolescents
2) accuracy is slightly lower for depressed or insomnia patients
3) cannot score sleep architecture

Question 23

polysomnography

Answer 23

multi-parametric test that measures neurological and physiological activity to estimate sleepthrough EEG, EOG, and EMG

Question 24

Stage 0 EEG

Answer 24

wakefulness

EEG: low voltage, fast

Question 25

Stage 1 EEG, EOG

Answer 25

transitional phase
EEG: low voltage, mixed frequency
EOG: slow rolling eye movements

Question 26

Stage 2 EEG

Answer 26

true onset of sleep

EEG: sleep spindles and K-complexes

Question 27

Stage 3 and 4

Answer 27

deepest stages (SWS, delta sleep)
EEG: high amplitude, slow

Question 28

Characteristics of REM Sleep, EEG

Answer 28

bursts of rapid eye movements
dreams
EEG: low voltage, mixed frequency (similar to Stage 1)

Question 29

What % of night is Stage 1 sleep?

Answer 29

5%

Question 30

What % of night is Stage 2 sleep?

Answer 30

45%

Question 31

Human cycle: non-REM vs REM

Answer 31

80 mins non-REM
10 mins REM
90 minute cycle repeated 3-6 times across the night