Measure

Question 1

What does ADKAR stand for, and why do we use it?

Answer 1

Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Action and Reinforcement.
ADKAR is a change management model/tool which captures how an individual persons goes through change. The focus of the tool is to facilitate change within each person rather than it being imposed by someone else.

Question 2

What does the line across the middle of a box plot show?

a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Interquartile range

Answer 2

b) Median

Question 3

Standard deviation is important in understanding our process performance as it provides us with:

a) An understanding of how much variation is in the process
b) An understanding of how much we need to shift the mean
c) An understanding of how much we need to shift the mean and manage variation
d) An understanding of much we need to shift the customer expectations

Answer 3

a) An understanding of how much variation is in the process

Question 4

The midpoint of a ranked order set of data is the:

a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range

Answer 4

b) Median

Question 5

What does taking multiple samples often give us?

a) Different sample means
b) Irrational subgroups
c) The same sample means
d) Data suitable for multiple regression

Answer 5

a) Different sample means

Question 6

A Six Sigma process equals:

a) 30,853 defects per million opportunities (DPMO)
b) 3.4 DPMO
c) 233 DPMO
d) 6,201 DPMO

Answer 6

b) 3.4 DPMO

Question 7

What statement most accurately describes Customer Value?

a) Delivering value for money
b) Giving the customer what they want
c) Specifying what the customer values
d) Giving the customer superior service

Answer 7

b) Giving the customer what they want

Question 8

A Process Owner is responsible for:

a) Measuring performance of a process
b) Identifying and implementing opportunities to improve the process
c) Ensuring Standard Operating Procedures are up to date
d) All of the above

Answer 8

d) All of the above

Question 9

What are some of the benefits of drawing a swim lane process map?

Answer 9

• Clarify complex processes
• Identify participants in the process and their responsibilities
• Readily identify value add and non-value add in a process
• Use as tool to identify improvements in a process.

Question 10

What wastes are likely to be found in a non-manufacturing environment?

Answer 10

• Errors in a process or outputs
• Waiting for other steps to be completed
• Under utilised resources
• Motion – Unnecessary steps in a process
• Extra Processing
• Transport – rather than post documents use email
PLUS MORE!

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the Four productivity questions?

a) Are we focused on activities that add value to our customers and the business?
b) Do we have efficient processes that are performed consistently?
c) Are people focussed on the right activities at the right time?
d) Have we removed all the waste from our processes?

Answer 11

d) Have we removed all the waste from our processes?

Question 12

Six sigma focuses on the ruthless pursuit of eliminating what?

a) Poor quality
b) Errors
c) Variation
d) Waste

Answer 12

c) Variation

Question 13

How is process capability assessed?

a) Defects per unit
b) Defects per million opportunities
c) Rolled throughput yield
d) All of the above

Answer 13

d) All of the above

Question 14

What types of variation contribute to total variation?

a) Precision and accuracy
b) Reproductability and repeatability
c) Bias and discrimination
d) Process and measurement system

Answer 14

d) Process and measurement system

Question 15

Extra processing means….

a) Over engineering the design solutions
b) Overly complex approval processes
c) Using a hammer to crack a nut
d) All of the above

Answer 15

d) All of the above

Question 16

What is discrete Data?

Answer 16

An example of discrete data is a running race the discrete data captured would be the places the runners finished in 1st 2nd 3rs ect. Discrete data can be numeric – like numbers of runners – but it can also be categorical – like red or blue, or male or female, or good or bad.

Question 17

What is continuous data?

Answer 17

Using a running race as an example the continuous data collected would be the time the runners ran in the race. This data is measured on a continuous scale that can be infinitely divided. This is the preferred data as its means greatly statistical analysis can be completed. Continuous data is not restricted to defined separate values, it can occupy value over a continuous range. Between any two continuous data values there may be an infinite number of others.

Question 18

What is the difference between practical and statistical difference?

Answer 18

Statistical difference is a differences that validating via a statistical test whilst a statistical difference can be evident it does not necessary apply that a practical differences is also evident.
Practical differences are differences that have a noticeable impact to either the customer or business. Consideration of practical differences would be the amount of improvements required to pay for the cost of the improvement.

Question 19

What is standard deviation?

Answer 19

Measurement of how spread out the data set is, its equal to the square root of the variation. The more spread apart the data, the higher the standard deviation

Question 20

How would you use process throughput yields on a VSM to target your improvements and what main factors would you consider in your decision?

Answer 20

Looking at the total number of each of the steps, occurrence’s where defects are found within each step of the end to end process and where the rework /defect is found this will provide an indication of the lowest throughput yield. Factors to consider is have all defects been noted within the end to end process, what does the data reveal, and where can waste be eliminated, what the cost of each process step and what other improvements are required.

Question 21

How can you use a value analysis to identify process improvements?

Answer 21

Customer value add identifies steps the customer would pay for these steps should remain, Business value add shows the requirements of the business and non-value add shows the steps in the process that do not add value these steps can be looked at first to make sure we eliminate the waste we first must understand if eliminating these steps will cause any risks, a common NVA is extra processing.

Question 22

What are four of the most important considerations when building your data collection plan? And why?

Answer 22

Ensure clear operational definitions to ensure consistent data collection, Availability of data to accurately represent process performance, accuracy of the data to ensure robust analysis and solutions, cost of collecting the data to maximise impact and minimise overhead to the project.

Question 23

Why is improving productivity important to CBA?

Answer 23

It will ensure our customers get what they want right the first time, reduces any waste CBA has in the existing organisation to maximise shareholder returns, sustainability and future growth. It gives us an opportunity to do more with the resources we have.

Question 24

What are four of the big or little questions you need to answer in the Measure phase?

Answer 24

What does the process currently look like?
What data can be used to measure how the process is currently performing?
How can we ensure data collection is robust?
What does the data say?

Question 25

Why is it important to test your measurement system and how can you do this?

Answer 25

To unsure we have accurate measurement so we do not have inaccurate data we achieve this by measurement System Analysis or MSA (Attribute agreement analysis for discrete data or Gauge R&R study for continuous)

Question 26

When assessing value added in a process, who is the best person to confirm?
A	Process Owner
B	CEO
C	Customer
D	Supplier
E	All of the above

Answer 26

C Customer

Question 27

What differentiates a VSM from a process map?

Answer 27

A VSM is a data rich process map (often done at a higher level than a process map) that shows the material and information flows within the process as well as the TT/ NTT, FTE, inventory, quality,

Question 28

How can you use quality of process throughput to target your improvements?

Answer 28

Look at the process step with the lowest quality throughput first.

Question 29

How can you use a value analysis to identify process improvements?

Answer 29

Identify the Value add for those steps that the customer wants to ensure that they remain, look at the NVA/ waste to identify how and where it can be eliminated without introducing risk, look at the BVA to identify if we are doing extra processing

Question 30

Which is not an example of discrete data?
A	Defect rate
B	Defect category
C	DPMO
D	Number of defectives
E	None of the above

Answer 30

A Defect rate

Question 31

What impact does using discrete data have on data collection?
A	increases number of samples
B	increases number of subgroups
C	Increases probability
D	increases value
E	None of the above

Answer 31

A increases number of samples

Question 32

Every process has causes of variation which can be assigned as:
A	Normal and non-normal
B	Discrete and continuous
C	Insignificant and significant
D	Common and special
E	None of the above

Answer 32

B Discrete and continuous

Question 33

Process TAT is
A the sum of the touch time and non touch time
B increased by cycle time x batch size
C slowed by WIP
D increased due to overproduction at some process steps
E all of the above

Answer 33

E all of the above

Question 34

A process can produce one unit of output at the rate of
A	TAT/ the speed people can work
B	the cycle time of the slowest step
C	TAT / the number of people working
D	Takt
E	None of the above

Answer 34

B the cycle time of the slowest step

Question 35

Total customer demand / net available operating time gives
A	Takt time
B	Takt rate
C	Capacity required
D	Demand plan
E	None of the above

Answer 35

B Takt rate

Question 36

One of the most common measures of variability in a data set or population
A	Process capability
B	Specification limits
C	Mean
D	Standard deviation
E	None of the above

Answer 36

D Standard deviation

Question 37

A pictorial diagram showing possible causes (process inputs) for a given effect (process outputs)
A	Standard deviation
B	Cause and effect diagram
C	Random Experiment
D	Scatter diagram
E	None of the above

Answer 37

B Cause and effect diagram

Question 38

A six sigma capable process will have
A	Cp = 1.5, Cpk = 2.0 and DPMO = 3.4
B	Cp = 2.0, Cpk = 1.5 and DPMO = 6
C	Cp = 1.5, Cpk = 2.0 and DPMO = 6
D	Cp = 2.0, Cpk = 1.5 and DPMO = 3.4
E	None of the above

Answer 38

D Cp = 2.0, Cpk = 1.5 and DPMO = 3.4

Question 39

Provides relationship between two variables and provides a visual correlation coefficient
A	Scatter plot
B	Cause and effect diagram
C	box plot
D	trend line
E	None of the above

Answer 39

A Scatter plot

Question 40

When the mean of the process is outside the customer specification limits the value of Cpk will be:
A	`2.0
B	0.5
C	`1.0
D	Negative
E	None of the above

Answer 40

D Negative

Question 41

A bar chart that depicts the frequencies of numerical or measurement data 
A	Sample
B	Histogram
C	Value stream map
D	Control Chart
E	None of the above

Answer 41

B Histogram

Question 42

In a normal distribution 68% of the data will fall within:
A	`+/- 2 standard deviations
B	`+/- 1 standard deviations
C	`+/- 3 standard deviations
D	outside of the bell shaped curve
E	None of the above

Answer 42

B `+/- 1 standard deviations

Question 43

Measurement accuracy is attained when:
A Different people get the same result when measuring the same item or characteristic
B The same person taking multiple measurements on the same item or characteristic gets the same result every time
C the measured value has little deviation from the actual value
D When the resolution of the measurement instrument can give at least 5 distinct values in the range being measured
E None of the above

Answer 43

A Different people get the same result when measuring the same item or characteristic

Question 44

Why is it important to test your measurement system and how can you do this?

Answer 44

The variation in your measurements may be greater than the discrimination in your data. Measurement System Analysis or MSA (Attribute agreement analysis for discrete data or Gauge R&R study for continuous)

Question 45

Who should be responsible for checking the quality of work in a process?
A	The person at the start
B	Each person in the process
C	The person at the end
D	The customer
E	Risk Staff

Answer 45

B Each person in the process

Question 46

What tool displays the Touch time within a process?
A	Spaghetti Diagram
B	Process Map
C	Swim Lane Process
D	SOP's
E	VSM

Answer 46

E VSM

Question 47

Validating process maps is best done by:
A	Walking the process
B	capturing data
C	New starters
D	Test and learning
E	None of the above

Answer 47

A Walking the process

Question 48

Operational definitions are used:
A so all measurers obtain repeatability and reproducibility
B So all measurers obtain repeatability
C So all measurers obtain reproducibility
D so all measurers obtain precision
E so all measurers obtain accuracy

Answer 48

A so all measurers obtain repeatability and reproducibility