MCP - Turner - Lipids and Their Metabolism - 2/20 Flashcards

1
Q

How are triglycerides stored?

A

In an anhydrous state

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2
Q

Compared to carbohydrates, fat provides ___ times the metabolic energy per gram of tissue.

A

Six

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3
Q

What is the ionization state of fatty acids in vivo?

A

pKa 4.8, ionization state is negative

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4
Q

T/F: Most human fatty acids have an even number of carbons.

A

True

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5
Q

How do ionized fatty acids appear in the cell?

A

They aggregate into micelles.

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6
Q

C14, 0 double bonds, the acid is myristic, the salt is:

A

myristate,

14:0

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7
Q

C16, __ double bonds, the acid is palmitic, the salt is palmitate.

A

0

16:0

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8
Q

C16, 1 double bond, the acid is palmitoleic, the salt is:

A

palmitoleate

16: 1delta9 (location of double bonds)
16: 1omega7

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9
Q

___, 0 double bonds, the acid is stearic, the salt is stearate.

A

C18

18:0

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10
Q

C18, 1 double bond, the acid is ____, the salt is oleate

A

Oleic

18: 1delta9 (location of double bonds)
18: 1omega9

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11
Q

C18, ___ double bonds, the acid is alpha-linoleic, the salt is linoleiate

A

2

18: 2delta9, 12 (location of double bonds)
18: 2omega6

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12
Q

____, 3 double bonds, the acid is linolenic, the salt is linolenate

A

C18

18: 3delta9, 12, 15 (location of double bonds)
18: 3omega3

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13
Q

C20, 4 double bonds, the acid is arachidonic, the salt is ___.

A

Arachidonate

20: 4delta5, 8, 11, 14 (location of double bonds)
20: 4omega6

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14
Q

Fatty-acid-derived ____ enters the TCA cycle, yielding ATP and heat.

A

Acetyl-CoA

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15
Q

T/F: The brain can use free fatty acids for fuel.

A

False, BBB prevents fatty acid transport

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16
Q

T/F: Fatty acids can be obtained from the diet or synthesized de novo.

A

True

17
Q

Excess energy is converted to ___ for storage.

A

Triglycerides

18
Q

What are the three main components of bile?

A

Bile acids (aka bile salts)
Phosphatidyl choline
Cholesterol

19
Q

How do dietary triglycerides appear as?

A

Mostly long chain TGs, in which the esterified fatty acids are long chain fatty acids

20
Q

Where and by what enzyme are the majority of triglycerides digested?

A

Pancreatic lipase
duodenum and proximal jejunum

The main products of TG digestion are 2-monoacylglycerol (MAG) and NEFA

21
Q

What are the 3 main causes of steatorrhea?

A
  1. Failure of bile production or blockage of bile flow
  2. Exocrine pancreas dysfunction or obstruction or pancreatic duct
  3. Failure of uptake into intestinal mucosal cells
22
Q

In the intestinal cell, ____ is resynthesized from 2-MAG and absorbed long chain fatty acids and then packaged into liprotein particles called chylomicrons that are exported into the lymph.

A

trigylcerides

23
Q

What is the function of acetyl-CoA synthase (also called thiokinase)?

A

Acetyl-CoA synthase catalyzes formation of acetyl-CoA derivatives of long chain fatty acid

24
Q

What is the function of acyltransferases?

A

Acyltransferases, aslo known as transacylases catalyze the transfer of 2 LCFA moieties to 2-MAG

25
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

For transport into the lymph and blood , water-insolube TG must be packaged into a type of lipoprotein particle, called chylomicrons

26
Q

What is Apo-B48?

A

Apo-B48 is the principal protein component of nascent chylomicrons as they are produced in the intestinal mucosa

27
Q

T/F: Chylomicrons and other lipproteins only transport TGs.

A

False, other lipids are also transported.

28
Q

Fatty acids are released from lipoproteins by the action of ____ in the capillary endothelial walls of various tissues, especially muscle and adipose tissue.

A

Lipoprotein lipase
Cleavage occurs at all 3 ester bonds
Products are glycerol and NEFA

29
Q

T/F: Entry of nonesterified long chain fatty acids from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal mucosa is mediated by protein carriers.

A

True

30
Q

A deficiency in lipoprotein would most likely cause abnormalities in:

A

unloading of free fatty acids from VLDL

31
Q

What is it called when there is excess lipid in feces?

A

steatorrhea

32
Q

Are non-esterified FAs found in the blood?

A

YES! They can be released from adipocytes as fuel substrates in when burning fat (e.g. aerobic exercise) or upon lipoprotein lipase (LPL) cleavage of TGs in chylomicrons or VLDLs. BUT because they are hydrophobic they must bind to albumin for transport.