CMB1003/L26 Immune System in Action Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Describe the 4 stages of immune response during an infection.

A

Local infection & penetration of epithelium
Local infection of tissues
Lymphatic spread
Adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What occurs during local infection and penetration of epithelium? (2)

A

Wound healing induced
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides, phagocytes, and complement destroy invading microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What occurs during local infection of tissues? (4)

A

Complement activation
Dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes
Phagocyte action
NK cells activated
Cytokines and chemokines produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs during lymphatic spread? (2)

A

Pathogens trapped and phagocytosed in lymphoid tissue
Adaptive immunity initiated by migrating dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What occurs during adaptive immunity? (2)

A

Infection cleared by specific antibody
T-cell-dependent macrophage activation and cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give 3 extracellular sites of infection.

A

Interstitial spaces
Blood
Lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give 2 intracellular sites of infection.

A

Cytoplasmic
Vesicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

By which 2 mechanisms are symptoms of disease caused?

A

Direct effects of pathogens
Indirectly by immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give 3 examples of immune response.

A

Infectious agent
Immunodeficiency
Immunopathology
Hypersensitivity - allergy/ autoimmunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which pathogen is leprosy caused by?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe tuberculoid leprosy. (3)

A

Organisms present at low to undetectable levels
Low infectivity
Granulomas and local inflammation
Peripheral nerve damage
Normal serum immunoglobulin levels
Normal T-cell responsiveness
Specific response to M. leprae antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe lepromatous leprosy. (3)

A

Organisms show florid growth in macrophages
High infectivity
Disseminated infection
Bone, cartilage and diffuse nerve damage
Hypergammaglobulinemia
Low or absent T-cell responsiveness
No response to M. leprae antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which kind of leprosy activates more T(H)1 cytokines?

A

Tuberculoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which kind of leprosy activates more T(H)2 cytokines?

A

Lepromatous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give 2 causes of secondary immunodeficiency.

A

Malnutrition
Lymphoproliferative disease
Immunosuppressive or cytotoxic drugs
Infection
Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which kind of Ig is involved in allergy?

A

IgE

17
Q

Give an example of type II sensitivity.

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis (RBC destruction)

18
Q

Give an example of type III sensitivity.

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Autoantibodies to DNA and other Ags
Immune complexes form
Deposited at susceptible sites

19
Q

Give an example of type IV hypersensitivity.

A

Type I diabetes

20
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of type I diabetes. (2)

A

Effector T cell recognises peptides from a B-cell specific protein and kills B cells
Glucagon and somatostatin still produced by a and y cells but no insulin made

21
Q

What causes autoimmune diseases? (2)

A

Loss of self tolerance
Increasing frequencies in Western cultures
Sex hormones

22
Q

What is the mechanism of disease in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies against antigens localised to joint synovium

23
Q

What is the mechanism of disease in systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells against DNA, chromatin proteins, and ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein antigens

24
Q

Give 3 potential treatments for autoimmune disease.

A

Vaccines
Immunotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies

25
Q

How does immunotherapy work? (3)

A

Antibodies used to bind to tumours of cytokines induce specific killing
Antibodies/drugs release immune system blocks that cancer cells produce
Inhibits negative immune regulation