CMB1003/L15 Coronaviruses Flashcards
What is coronavirus morphologically/biologically similar to? (2)
Mouse hepatitis virus
Avian infectious bronchitis virus
Which 2 genera of coronaviruses infect only mammals and humans?
Alpha & beta
Which species do deltacoronaviruses infect?
Mammalian & avian
What species to gammacoronaviruses infect?
Avian
What is the genome of coronaviruses?
+ve ssRNA
Give 4 key proteins in the virion of coronaviruses.
Spike (S) protein binds ACE2
M protein for virion assembly
N (nucleoprotein) binds and protects RNA genome
E protein for viral release from cell
Describe the replication of coronaviruses. (4)
RdRp error prone
Replication and assembly in cytosol
Buds into ER/Golgi
Exits via exocytosis
What enzyme cleaves the coronavirus spike protein?
TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease, serine 2)
What percentage of common colds are caused by coronaviruses?
15-20%
When and where did SARS emerge?
Guangdong (Southern China)
November 2002
What is the reservoir and intermediate host of SARS-CoV?
R - horseshoe bats
I - civets
What are the symptoms of SARS? (4)
Initial fever
Non-productive cough
Shortness of breath
Pneumonia
Incubation of 2-10 days
When and where did MERS emerge?
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2012
What are the symptoms of MERS? (4)
Fever
Cough
Dyspnoea
Pneumonia
What is the reservoir and origin of MERS?
R - camels
O - bats
What is the origin and intermediate host of COVID-19?
O - bats
I - unknown
When and where did SARS-CoV-2 emerge?
Wuhan, China
Nov/Dec 2019
What were the original NHS-recognised symptoms of COVID-19? (3)
High temperature
New, continuous cough
Loss of change to sense of smell or taste
What is the recognised NHS symptoms of the delta variant of COVID-19? (3)
Headache
Runny nose
Sore throat
Skin rashes
What is the percentage of asymptomatic people with COVID-19?
15-20%
Give 3 risk factors for severe illness and mortality.
Age
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Chronic lung diseases
Hypertension
BAME ethnicity
Chronic kidney diseases
Obesity
Smoking
Cancer
How does SARS-CoV-2 cause an inflammatory response?
Causes a cytokine storm
Give 3 complications of COVID-19.
‘Silent’ hypoxia
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Sepsis
Secondary infections
Give 2 viral protease inhibitors used to treat COVID-19.
Nirmatrelvir
Ritonavir
Give an immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory drug used to treat COVID-19.
Baricitinib
Which 2 UK COVID-19 vaccines use modified mRNA expressing CoV spike protein?
Moderna
Pfizer/BioNTech
Which 2 UK COVID-19 vaccines use a replication defective adenoviral vector?
Oxford/AstraZeneca
Janssen
What kind of response to COVID-19 vaccines elicit?
MHC response
