CMB1003/L14 HIV Flashcards
In 1981, there was a prevalence of which 2 diseases within the male homosexual population?
Pneumocystis
Kaposi’s sarcoma
How is HIV transmitted?
Through bodily fluids
What disease does HIV-1 cause?
AIDS
Both HIV-1 & 2 are closely related to which virus?
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)
What is the likely origin of HIV?
From butchering of primates for food
Describe the spread of 1920’s Kinshasa. (6)
Major expansion
Increased industry
Increased male population
More sex workers
More STIs
More needles for treatment
Describe the structure of the HIV virus. (5)
+ve ssRNA
RT and integrase enzymes
Packaged in a vase-shaped P24 capsid
Wrapped in a P17 matrix protein
Wrapped in an envelope with GP41/GP120 surface glycoproteins
Describe how the HIV virus infects human cells. (8)
Glycoprotein interacts with CD4 receptor on macrophage and T cells
Opens CCR5 receptor
Fusion from without
RT - RNA dep DNA pol. synthesises complementary -ve ssDNA
RT - RNase breaks down ssRNA
RT - DNA dep RNA pol. synthesises +ve DNA
Integrase targets LTRs to integrate into host cell chromosome
Describe how HIV exits the host cell. (5)
Host cell becomes activated
DNA from viral genome is replicated into mRNA and ssRNA
mRNA leaves nucleus into ER
Translated into polyproteins and spliced
All components integrated into budding particles
Which proteins are spliced from the polyprotein made in the ER from the viral genome? (3)
gag - P17 & P24
pol - RT & integrase
env - GP41 & G120
Describe the common features of the retrovirus family. (4)
Reverse transcriptase
Wasting
Immunodeficiency
Dementia
What do activated CD4 T cells do in response to HIV? (3)
Activate B cells to create antibodies
Activate CD8 cytotoxic T cells to kill virally infected cells
Activate NFkB which activates genes involved in immune response and HIV/RNA integrated into host cell chromosome
Name 3 opportunistic infections associated with HIV-1 infection.
Pneumocystis sp.
TB
Malaria
Candida sp.
Toxoplasma sp.
HPV
Give 2 examples of reactivation of latent infections.
Varicella zoster - shingles
Epstein Barr - B-cell lymphomas
Cytomegalovirus - lymphomas
HSV-8 - Kaposi’s sarcoma
Give 3 challenges of HIV vaccines.
Mutation rate
Mucosal infection
No good animal model