CMB1003/L14 HIV Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1981, there was a prevalence of which 2 diseases within the male homosexual population?

A

Pneumocystis
Kaposi’s sarcoma

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2
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through bodily fluids

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3
Q

What disease does HIV-1 cause?

A

AIDS

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4
Q

Both HIV-1 & 2 are closely related to which virus?

A

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)

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5
Q

What is the likely origin of HIV?

A

From butchering of primates for food

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6
Q

Describe the spread of 1920’s Kinshasa. (6)

A

Major expansion
Increased industry
Increased male population
More sex workers
More STIs
More needles for treatment

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the HIV virus. (5)

A

+ve ssRNA
RT and integrase enzymes
Packaged in a vase-shaped P24 capsid
Wrapped in a P17 matrix protein
Wrapped in an envelope with GP41/GP120 surface glycoproteins

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8
Q

Describe how the HIV virus infects human cells. (8)

A

Glycoprotein interacts with CD4 receptor on macrophage and T cells
Opens CCR5 receptor
Fusion from without
RT - RNA dep DNA pol. synthesises complementary -ve ssDNA
RT - RNase breaks down ssRNA
RT - DNA dep RNA pol. synthesises +ve DNA
Integrase targets LTRs to integrate into host cell chromosome

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9
Q

Describe how HIV exits the host cell. (5)

A

Host cell becomes activated
DNA from viral genome is replicated into mRNA and ssRNA
mRNA leaves nucleus into ER
Translated into polyproteins and spliced
All components integrated into budding particles

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10
Q

Which proteins are spliced from the polyprotein made in the ER from the viral genome? (3)

A

gag - P17 & P24
pol - RT & integrase
env - GP41 & G120

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11
Q

Describe the common features of the retrovirus family. (4)

A

Reverse transcriptase
Wasting
Immunodeficiency
Dementia

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12
Q

What do activated CD4 T cells do in response to HIV? (3)

A

Activate B cells to create antibodies
Activate CD8 cytotoxic T cells to kill virally infected cells
Activate NFkB which activates genes involved in immune response and HIV/RNA integrated into host cell chromosome

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13
Q

Name 3 opportunistic infections associated with HIV-1 infection.

A

Pneumocystis sp.
TB
Malaria
Candida sp.
Toxoplasma sp.
HPV

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14
Q

Give 2 examples of reactivation of latent infections.

A

Varicella zoster - shingles
Epstein Barr - B-cell lymphomas
Cytomegalovirus - lymphomas
HSV-8 - Kaposi’s sarcoma

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15
Q

Give 3 challenges of HIV vaccines.

A

Mutation rate
Mucosal infection
No good animal model

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16
Q

What is triple therapy? (3)

A

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)
Nucleoside analogues - competitive inhibitor of RT
Peptide analogues - competitive inhibitor of HIV protease

17
Q

Describe anti-CCR5 therapy.

A

Blocking CCR5 or bone marrow transplant from CCR5 defective individuals