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MCM Final Exam > MCM Final - Skin > Flashcards

MCM Final - Skin Flashcards

0
Q

how are glands classified?

A

mode of secretion, cell number, and method of product distribution, ductal morphology, glandular morphology

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1
Q

development of gland

A

invagination of epithelium

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2
Q

merocrine

A

aka eccrine

product released by exocytosis
-fusion of granules with plasmalemma

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3
Q

holocrine

A

entire cell dies and release product

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4
Q

apocrine

A

release membrane bound particles

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5
Q

method of distribution for pancreas?

A

exocrine and endocrine

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6
Q

exocrine

A

secrete via duct

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7
Q

endocrine

A

secrete into blood or lymphatics

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8
Q

paracrine

A

secrete into extracellular space

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9
Q

simple gland

A

single tube structure

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10
Q

compound gland

A

duct has branches

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11
Q

coiled gland duct

A

simple gland that is twisted/coiled

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12
Q

tubular gland

A

cells all same size

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13
Q

alveolar gland

A

cells enlarge toward bottom

aka acinar gland

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14
Q

serous glands

A

secrete watery suspension of proteins and enzymes that travels down ducts

ex/ parotid salivary gland

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15
Q

mucus gland

A

secrete viscous colloid with enzymes, proteins, and glycoproteins

ex/ goblet cells, sublingual and palatine salivary glands

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16
Q

mixed gland

A

secrete both serous and mucus

ex/ submandibular salivary gland

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17
Q

cell types in glands

A

parenchyma is the functional tissue and stroma are the cytoskeleton elements

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18
Q

organization of stroma in glands

A

form lobes that surround lobules

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19
Q

acini

A

secretory component of gland

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20
Q

significance of mitochondria in ducts of glands?

A

burning energy, so something important is going on

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21
Q

interlacated duct

A

portion of delivery route in gland that is where product secreted and forms tube

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22
Q

three division of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

**hypodermis technically not apart of skin

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23
Q

epidermis

A

specialized stratified epithelium

protection from fluid loss, UV, and infection

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24
Q

dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue

has specialized structures:
-vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles

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25
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous connective tissue

functions:

- attaches skin to underlying structures
- padding, insulation, energy source
- molds external appearance
26
Q

thick epidermis

A

on palmar and plantar surfaces

no hair

27
Q

thin epidermis

A

on rest of body not palms or plantar region

hairy

28
Q

keratinocytes

A

cells of the epidermis

has keratin intermediate filment

29
Q

three layers of epidermis?

A

stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basalis

30
Q

stratum basalis

A

cuboidal cells on basal lamina of dermal-epidermal junction

attached by hemidesmosomes

high mitotic activity - renewal of epidermis cells (keratinocytes)

31
Q

chalone

A

soluble protein produced within tissue that reversibly inhibits mitosis

32
Q

vitamin A and skin

A

inhibitory role in skin differentiation

33
Q

stratum spinosum

A

plays role in protection and water loss

lots of desmosomes - tight junctions between cells

resist shearing abrasive forces

34
Q

stratum granulosum

A

have keratohyaline granules and keratinosomes

forms gooey cement that prevents water loss

35
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

in stratum granulosum of skin and are non-membrane bound granules of RNA, polysaccharides and peptides

36
Q

keratinosomes

A

in stratum granulosum of skin

membrane coated granules

secrete glyco-phospholipids and GAGs that are intercellular cement

37
Q

cell envelope

A

layer close to cytoplasm

38
Q

lipid envelope

A

consists of extracellular lipids >ceramides

39
Q

keratinized layer of skin

A

outermost layer of epidermis

keratinocytes are flattened discs

consists of stratum lucidum and stratum corneum

40
Q

desquamation

A

final process of removing top layer of keratinized cell

does not happen by abrasion***
-active mechanism of dishesion by lipolytic enzymes at outer epidermis

41
Q

melanocytes

A

specialized cell of the epidermis

in the basal layer of the epidermis

produce pigment - melanin

secrete pigments in melanosomes

42
Q

pigmentation of skin?

A

eumelanin- brown-black
pheomelanin - red-yellow

keratinocytes pick up the pigments from the melanosomes (secreted by melanocytes)

43
Q

melanocyte activity?

A

all at the same constant rate

difference in pigmentation due to differing rates of kerationcytes taking in the pigment

44
Q

melanine production

A

precursor is tyrosine

produced in melanocytes secreted to kerationcytes via melanosomes

45
Q

langerhans cells

A

specialized cells of the epidermis
-produced in marrow and reside in the skin

act as antigen-presenting cells (immune response)

express Fc, MHCII, and C3 receptors

can be damaged by UV

make interleukin-1 which induces T cells to make IL-2 and proliferate

46
Q

merkel cells

A

specialized cells of the epidermis

found int he stratum basalum

function in sensation as mechanoreceptors

47
Q

Dermis

A

irregular connective tissue underlying the epidermis

two layers: reticular layer and papillary layer

48
Q

epidermal pegs

A

portion of epidermis that drops to the papillary layer of the dermis

49
Q

dermal papillae

A

portion of dermis that is in contact with the epidermal pegs

forms the papillary layer of the dermis

50
Q

papillary layer of dermis

A

formed from the epidermal pegs and dermal papillae

contain connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve and neurosensory organs (meissners corpuscles)

51
Q

reticular layer

A

layer of dermis below the papillary layer

has connective tissue, hair follicles, nerves and neurosensory organs, blood and lymph vessels, and blands

52
Q

meissners corpuscles

A

in the papillary layer of the dermis

53
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

in the reticular layer of the dermis

54
Q

is epidermis vascular?

A

NO - receives nutrients by diffusion

55
Q

what is the dermal epidermal junction composed of?

A

1 basal cell plasmalemma (and hemidesmosomes)
2 basal lamina
3 connective tissue fibers below the basal lamina
-anchoring fibrils (type VII collagen)

56
Q

hair follicles

A

follicular sheath shares characteristics with the epidermis
-can proliferate as new source of epidermis

has arrector pili muscle and sebaceous gland

57
Q

sebaceous bland

A

occur in proximity to hair follicles

secrete product of holocrine secretion
-oily, waxy sebum

inhibits evaporation and aids in thermal homeostasis

also keeps skin soft and hair from drying out

58
Q

sweat glands

A

sweat is hypotonic

under cholinergic control - merocrine (eccrine) glands

simple coiled tubular gland:
dark cells (pyramidal - contain secretion glanules)
-clear cells (primary cells in producing sweat)
-myoepithelial cells (contractile)

59
Q

merocrine sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular gland with three cell types (dark, clear, and myoepithelial)

under cholinergic control

60
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular gland

empty into hair follicle

produce odorless mix of proteins and pheromones
-odor from bacteria degradation

under adrenergic influence

61
Q

meissners corpuscles

A

specialized in the dermis

responsible for two point sensation
-in the dermal papillae

62
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

sense pressure and vibration (deeper)

in the dermis and hypodermis

looks like an onion

MCM Final Exam (16 decks)

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