MCM Final - Cellular Differentiation

Question 0

totipotent

Answer 0

potential to form any cell

-ex/ fertilized egg

Question 1

stem cell

Answer 1

undifferentiated daughter cells my differentiate into other cell types

2 characteristics: proliferative and ability to differentiate

Question 2

pluripotent

Answer 2

wide-spread potential
have started down differentiate path
-blastocyte embryonic stem cells

Question 3

multipotent

Answer 3

commited to a specific differentiation path

cells with particular function

Question 4

unipotent

Answer 4

maybe can differentiate to 2 or 3 cells (closely related)
ex/ cells in skin - basal layer

progenitor cells

Question 5

embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

Answer 5

early embryonic tissue

totipotent

some demonstrated evidence of reduced immunogenecity

Question 6

post-natally derived stem cells

Answer 6

harvested from otherwise discarded tissue

ex/ umbilical cord, fetal foreskin, placenta

pluripotent/multipotent

Question 7

adult-derived stem cells

Answer 7

harvested from adult donor cells

ex/marrow or adipose tissue

Question 8

mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)

Answer 8

marrow-derived

Question 9

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

Answer 9

viral gene transfer to adult donor

Question 10

somatic cell nuclear transfer cells (SCNTCs)

Answer 10

generated from normal adult cell and donor gamete (ovum)

remove nucleus from egg - replace with nucleus from somatic cell

creates ESC like cell**

Question 11

formation of iPSCs - genes?

Answer 11

Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4

Question 12

c-Myc gene

Answer 12

reduced in iPSC formation

-tumorogenic

Question 13

cure of sick cell anemia in mice?

Answer 13

utilized iPSCs with removed c-Myc gene and placed in the marrow

transplanted as hemopoetic stem cell

Question 14

non-autologous paradigm

Answer 14

stem cells from donor will cause an immune response

Question 15

adult human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs)

Answer 15

harvested from medical procedures or liposuction

multipotent

source of stem ells

similar to MSCs

Question 16

hADSCs vs. MSCs?

Answer 16

bone marrow vw. adipose

- similar transcriptosome
- similar cell surface/CD markers
	- integrin alpha-4, L-selectin

adipose easier to obtain

Question 17

integrin alpha-4

Answer 17

similarity between hADSC and MSC

Question 18

L-selectin

Answer 18

similarity between hADSC and MSC

Question 19

transcriptosome

Answer 19

similarity between hADSC and MSC

Question 20

diabetic retinopathy and stem cells

Answer 20

murine model

hASC prevent pathological vaso-obliteration

Question 21

Immunomodulation and stem cells

Answer 21

hMSCs promote Th2 response inhibiting IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and increasing IL-10 (PGE2-mediated)

also, hMSCs alter antigen-presenting maturation and induce T-cell unresponsiveness

Question 22

hMSCs activate what in immunomodulation?

Answer 22

IL-10 (PGE2-mediated)

Question 23

Inhibited by MSCs during immunomodulation?

Answer 23

IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

Question 24

Co-transplants in Pancreas?

Answer 24

Islet and ASC may improve transplant by decreasing the number of islets necessary and decreasing time bc of angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulary effects of hASCs

Question 25

tissue repair and stem cells?

Answer 25

infarcted myocardium repaired after adult stem cell administered hypokinetic, akinetic, dyskinetic region from 30-12 (0.04 p-value)

Question 26

Wound healing and stem cells?

Answer 26

hASCs accelerate rate of wound healing in murine model

Question 27

Peripheral Vascular Disease and Stem Cells

Answer 27

hASCs enhanced rate of revascularization in mouse limb -provided vascular support and maintenance for blood vessels

Question 28

Co-culture of stem cells ?

Answer 28

IPSCs, MSCs, and endothelial cells combined and produced liver buds - produced bile and hepatic proteins - didn't form biliary tree

Question 29

Diabetes and stem cells?

Answer 29

hESCs used to prevent diabetes - diabetic mice had ability to clear glucose at the same rate as normal mouse - problem - bone in pancreas

Question 30

stem cell division

Answer 30

one daughter cell is differentiated, second is not | -allows for self-renewal

Question 31

immortal strand hypothesis

Answer 31

when stem cells divide - keep a copy of the parental strand throughout all divisions - this allows any errors in DNA replication to be passed on to daughter cells that will go and differentiate soon

Question 32

chondrogen

Answer 32

MSC biologic product that can cause regeneration of the meniscus and prevent osteoarthritis

Question 33

prochymal

Answer 33

MSC biologic product for use in: - steroid refractory GvHD - acute GvHD - Crohn's disease - Type 1 diabetes - acute MI