McCumbee - Sexual Differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

Sex determination begins with a commitment of the indifferent gonads to become testes or ovaries. This process is _______ programmed

A

Genetically

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2
Q

SRY region on a gene is the what?

A

Sex determining region

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3
Q

During the 5th week of gestation, epithelial and underlying mesenchymal cells proliferate and form a thickened area called the ______ along the ventromedial surface of the mesonephros

A

Genital ridge

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4
Q

Before the ______ week, gonads of both sexes are identical in appearance and are therefore referred to as indifferent gonads. At this stage, they are composed of an external cortex and an internal medulla

A

7th

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5
Q

In males, precursor cells from the indifferent gonad differentiate into _____

A

Sertoli cells

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6
Q

In XX embryo, indifferent gonad cells differentiate into _____ cells

A

Granulosa

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7
Q

The outer cortex of the indifferent gonad is composed of

A

A thickened epithelial surface

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8
Q

The inner medulla of the indifferent gonad is composed of ?

A

Primitive sex cords surrounded by mesenchymal tissue

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9
Q

It is the sex chromosomes present in the ________ that will determine the type of gonad the genital ridge will become

A

Somatic cells of the genital ridge

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10
Q

In the testis, the medulla _____ and the cortex ______

A

Differentiates

Regresses

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11
Q

In the ovary, the cortex ______ and the medulla ________

A

Differentiates

Regresses

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12
Q

The gene product of SRY is _____________

A

A transcription factor

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13
Q

___________ is upregulated by SRY and is the principal regulator of Sertoli cell (males) differentiation

A

SOX9 gene product

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14
Q

the first histologically discernable event of testes development is ?

A

The appearance of sertolic cells in the medulla of the indiferrent gonad

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15
Q

Sertoli cells aggregate around the _____ to form testis cords

A

PGC’s

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16
Q

___________ are the precursors of the seminiferous tubules

A

Testis cords

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17
Q

The differentiation of an ovary from an indifferent gonad requires:

(X3)

A

Invasion of cortex by PGC’s

Reactivation of the inactivated x chromosome in the germ cells

The absence of the SRY gene

18
Q

Consists of a primary oocyte surround by a single layer of pregranulosa cells

These are then surrounded by a basal lamina

A

Primordial follicles

19
Q

The XX embryo is regulated by RSPO1 which is a direct activator of the ___________ pathway

A

WNT4/Beta-catenin

20
Q

Female developmental duct:

A

Mullerian (paramesonephric)

21
Q

Male developmental duct

A

Wolffian (mesonephric)

22
Q

If the Wolffian duct persists, it will differentiatie into:

X4

A

Epididymis

Seminal vesical

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

23
Q

If the mullerian ducts persist, they will differentiate into: (x4)

A

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Cervix

Upper 1/3 of the vagina

24
Q

Testosterone promotes differentiation of _______ ducts

A

Wolffian

25
Q

In males, AMH promotes the regression of ______ ducts

A

Mullerian

26
Q

What happens to wolffian ducts in the absence of hormone stimulation?

A

They will regress

27
Q

Regression of the mullerian ducts, which is induced by anti-mullerian hormone which is released by sertoli cells is time sensitive. This process begins around week _____ and the mullerian ducts lose sensitivity to AMH at week ____

A

7

8

28
Q

AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) induces apoptosis of mullerian ducts. This hormone is released from ____

A

Sertoli cells

29
Q

________ releases testosterone which allows the wolffian ducts to begin to differentiate around week 9

A

Leydig cells

30
Q

________ stimulates testosterone production by the fetal testes

A

Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

31
Q

Explain Syndrome of persistent Mullerian duct:

A

Phenotypic and genotypic male:

Lack of AMH synthesis or defective AMH receptor. Causes inability to degrade mullerian duct.
Differentiation of mullerian duct products occurs (fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, upper 1/3 of vagina).
These will be present in hernias
Usually underdeveloped

Testes often fail to descend.

32
Q

Differentiation of the indifferent external genitalia (genital fold, genital tubercle, labioscrotal swelling) requires what ?

A

Dihydroxytestosterone (a potent enzyme derived from testosterone by 5alpha-reductase)

33
Q

The lower part of the vagina forms from the

A

Walls of the urogenital sinus

34
Q

The genital tubercle gives rise to the

A

Clitoris - females

Glans penis - males

35
Q

The genital swelling (labioscrotal swelling) gives rise to the

A

Scrotum - males

Labia majora - females

36
Q

The urethral folds form the ___

A

Ventral folds of the penis - males

Labia minora - females

37
Q

In males, what develops from the urogenital sinus?

A

The prostatic budds

38
Q

What is seen in complete androgen resistance?

A

Testes capable of secreting androgen are present in the abd cavity

Male and female internal genital tracts absent

External genitals and secondary sex characteristics are female

Scant or absent pubic hair

39
Q

What is seen in 5alpha-reductase deficiency.?

A

Unable to make external genital completely until puberty

Internal genitalia develops normally along male lines

External gentialia ambiguous due to incomplete masculinization.

Child often mistaken for female at birth

40
Q

What is the principle manifestation of androgen exposure after 12 weeks of gestation?

A

Clitoral hypertrophy