McCumbee - Female Repro Flashcards by Dylan Weaver

Principal estrogen secreted by the ovary; most potent form of estrogen

Estradiol (E2)

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Principal post-menopausal estrogen

Derived primarily from peripheral conversion

Estrone (E1)

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The principal steroid hormones secreted by the adult ovary (x3)

Estradiol

Progesterone

Androstenedione

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In the non-pregnant adult, the _________ is the primary source of estrogens

Maturing follicle

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-_____ is a major source of aromatase activity for the peripheral formation of estrogens from androgens

Fat

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________ cells, and interstitial cells of the ovarian stroma synthesize androgens

Thecal cells

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__)____- cells use androgens to synthesize estrogens

Granulosa

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__________ is the primary androgen secreted by thecal cells of the ovarian follicle

Androstenedione

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What happens to the granulosa cells during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

They have limited access to LDL cholesterol b/c are separated from vascular supply by basal lamina

Progesterone production limited at this time.

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Granulosa cells are regulated by _____

FSH

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Thecal cells are regulated by ____

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What enzyme (found commonly in granulosa cells) converts estrone to estradiol?

17beta- HSD

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What enzymes are common in the Granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle? (X2)

Aromatase (converts androgens to estrogens)

17beta-HSD (converts estrone to estradiol)

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Granulosa cells _____ 17alpha hydroxylase

Do not possess

Can’t convert pregnenolone and progesterone to androgens

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By binding to receptors in the plasma membrane of thecal and interstitial cells of the ovary, LH induces androgen biosynthesis by activating a _______ signaling pathway w/in the cell

CAMP

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How does FSH induce the expression of the aromatase enzyme in granulosa cells?

By activating cAMP pathways

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Steroids that promote gestation

Progestins

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Major ovarian progestin (x2)

Progesterone

17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone

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Principal source of progesterone ______

Corpus luteum

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Progestins bind _____ and _____ in plasma

Corticosteroid-binding globulin

Albumin

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Phase of menstrual cycle;

Begins w/ onset of menstrual bleeding

Variable in length

Corresponds with proliferative phase of endometrial cycle

Follicular phase

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Phase of menstrual cycle:

Constant length (13-14 days)

Corresponds to secretory phase of endometrial cycle

Ends w/ onset of next menses

Luteal phase

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During the follicular phase _______ is the primary ovarian hormone influencing changes in female reproductive system

Estradiol

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Functions of the follicle (ovarian, functional unit)

Sustains oocyte

Produce hormones to regulate reproductive function

Responds to endocrine signals that regulate hormone production and promote ovulation

Differentiates into an endocrine structure called the corpus luteum after ovulation is complete

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________ consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a poorly differentiated, single layer of pregranulosa cells that make gap junctions w/ each other and the primary oocyte

Primary follicle

During the formation of the mature preantral follicles, the oocyte grows and secretes extracellular proteins (ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3) these proteins do what function?

Provide specific binding sites for sperm cells during fertilization

A form of programmed cell death that occurs at all stages of follicular development

Atresia

Which types of cells does atresia mostly affect?

Oocytes Granulosa cells

FSH ______ apoptosis of the follicle

Opposes

What are some atresia promoting factors (x3)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha Androgens IL-6

The major secretory product of the thecal cells is _______-__

Androstenedione

Thecal cells express ____ receptors

FSH ______ the expression of aromatase in the granulosa cells

Stimulates

Inhibin B is secreted by _______ cells in large antral follicles

Mural Granulosa

FSH _____ aromatase activity in granulosa cells

Induces

Cyclic recruitment of occurs during the ________ phase of the preceding cycle

Late luteal

When a dominant follicle is attained, in the mid to late follicular phase of the current cycle there is a ____________ in circulating estradiol

Dramatic increase

Ovulation occurs about ______ days after a follicle is selected

10-14

What is the role of FSH in the follicle selection process?

FSH stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and estradiol synthesis FSH induces expression fo LH receptors in granulosa cells

How does the dominant follicle inhibit the development of less mature follicles?

Estradiol and inhibin have a negative feedback effect on FSH release by the anterior pituitary. This deprives the less mature follicles of the adequate stimulation by FSH. This leads to all but the dominant follicle undergoing atresia. The follicular fluid of the dominant follicle contains FSH which helps sustain it in face of falling FSH levels

FSH ______- the expression of LH receptors in granulosa cell

Induces

What causes the cumulus expansion to occur as the dominant follicle approaches the ovulatory phase?

The cumulus cells detach from the mural cells. Cumulus stay connected to oocyte Cumulus cells release hyaluronic acid in response to LH stimulation which causes an increase in the size of the cumulus-oocyte complex

The trigger for ovulation is an abrupt surge in ____

LH This surge is induced by estrogens produced by dominant follicle

COX2 inhibitors have been shown to _____ ovulation

Inhibit Mechanism is unclear but LH induces the expression of COX2 and progesterone receptors

LH allows granulosa-lutein cells to absorb LDL and HDL in the corpus luteum by:

Inducing the formation of LDL and HDL receptors By inducing the breakdown of the basal lamina

Estrogen production by the corpus luteum requires the presence of what two cell types?

Granulosa-lutein Thecal-lucein

During the luteal phase there is a significant ________ in progesterone production?

Increase This can be explained by the fact that the granulosa cells now have access to a source of cholesterol thru blood vessels

circulating levels of inhibin B can be used clinically to assess _ _ _ _ _

FSH mediated granulosa cell function (follicular phase)

Circulating levels of Inhibin A can be used clinically to assess _____

LH-mediated corpus luteum function | Luteal phase

The principal action of estradiol on the uterus is to. ____

Restore the endometrial lining

What are the functions of estradiol on the uterus? | x 4

Increases expression of progesterone receptors to prep it for endometrial differentiation Induces growth of uterine gland Promotes development and elongation of the spiral arteries Cause proliferation of eptihelial and stromal cells by causing the stromal cells to release more growth factor

Prior to menses, there is a vasomotor response of the spiral arteries which consists of a progressive, rhythmic contractions and relaxations. When these are long, there is ischemia and the tissue ends up becoming necrotic. What signal induces this response?

Prostaglandin F2a

Puberty is triggered by ....

A pulsatile release of GnRH by the hypothalamus

Estrogens have rapid vaso_________ effects

Dilatory

Estrogens, over long term, _________ atherosclerosis

Prevent

What does the HAVOC mnemonic for changes in menopause stand for?

Hot flashes Atrophy of Vagina Osteoporosis Coronary artery disease (risk increases)

Cessation of the menstrual cycles resulting from a decline in the supply of functional folliclees

Menopause

What is the predominant serum estrogen in postmenopausal women?

Estrone. Made in fat.

LH release during puberty is -_____ pattern in women

Nocturnal

LH release of gonadotropin during reproductive years in women is ______ pattern

Cyclic