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S & F 4 Test 2 > McCumbee - Female Repro > Flashcards

McCumbee - Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Principal estrogen secreted by the ovary; most potent form of estrogen

A

Estradiol (E2)

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2
Q

Principal post-menopausal estrogen

Derived primarily from peripheral conversion

A

Estrone (E1)

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3
Q

The principal steroid hormones secreted by the adult ovary (x3)

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

Androstenedione

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4
Q

In the non-pregnant adult, the _________ is the primary source of estrogens

A

Maturing follicle

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5
Q

-_____ is a major source of aromatase activity for the peripheral formation of estrogens from androgens

A

Fat

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6
Q

________ cells, and interstitial cells of the ovarian stroma synthesize androgens

A

Thecal cells

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7
Q

__)____- cells use androgens to synthesize estrogens

A

Granulosa

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8
Q

__________ is the primary androgen secreted by thecal cells of the ovarian follicle

A

Androstenedione

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9
Q

What happens to the granulosa cells during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

They have limited access to LDL cholesterol b/c are separated from vascular supply by basal lamina

Progesterone production limited at this time.

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10
Q

Granulosa cells are regulated by _____

A

FSH

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11
Q

Thecal cells are regulated by ____

A

LH

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12
Q

What enzyme (found commonly in granulosa cells) converts estrone to estradiol?

A

17beta- HSD

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13
Q

What enzymes are common in the Granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle? (X2)

A

Aromatase (converts androgens to estrogens)

17beta-HSD (converts estrone to estradiol)

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14
Q

Granulosa cells _____ 17alpha hydroxylase

A

Do not possess

Can’t convert pregnenolone and progesterone to androgens

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15
Q

By binding to receptors in the plasma membrane of thecal and interstitial cells of the ovary, LH induces androgen biosynthesis by activating a _______ signaling pathway w/in the cell

A

CAMP

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16
Q

How does FSH induce the expression of the aromatase enzyme in granulosa cells?

A

By activating cAMP pathways

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17
Q

Steroids that promote gestation

A

Progestins

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18
Q

Major ovarian progestin (x2)

A

Progesterone

17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone

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19
Q

Principal source of progesterone ______

A

Corpus luteum

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20
Q

Progestins bind _____ and _____ in plasma

A

Corticosteroid-binding globulin

Albumin

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21
Q

Phase of menstrual cycle;

Begins w/ onset of menstrual bleeding

Variable in length

Corresponds with proliferative phase of endometrial cycle

A

Follicular phase

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22
Q

Phase of menstrual cycle:

Constant length (13-14 days)

Corresponds to secretory phase of endometrial cycle

Ends w/ onset of next menses

A

Luteal phase

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23
Q

During the follicular phase _______ is the primary ovarian hormone influencing changes in female reproductive system

A

Estradiol

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24
Q

Functions of the follicle (ovarian, functional unit)

X4

A

Sustains oocyte

Produce hormones to regulate reproductive function

Responds to endocrine signals that regulate hormone production and promote ovulation

Differentiates into an endocrine structure called the corpus luteum after ovulation is complete

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25
Q

________ consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a poorly differentiated, single layer of pregranulosa cells that make gap junctions w/ each other and the primary oocyte

A

Primary follicle

26
Q

During the formation of the mature preantral follicles, the oocyte grows and secretes extracellular proteins (ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3) these proteins do what function?

A

Provide specific binding sites for sperm cells during fertilization

27
Q

A form of programmed cell death that occurs at all stages of follicular development

A

Atresia

28
Q

Which types of cells does atresia mostly affect?

A

Oocytes

Granulosa cells

29
Q

FSH ______ apoptosis of the follicle

A

Opposes

30
Q

What are some atresia promoting factors (x3)

A

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Androgens

IL-6

31
Q

The major secretory product of the thecal cells is _______-__

A

Androstenedione

32
Q

Thecal cells express ____ receptors

A

LH

33
Q

FSH ______ the expression of aromatase in the granulosa cells

A

Stimulates

34
Q

Inhibin B is secreted by _______ cells in large antral follicles

A

Mural Granulosa

35
Q

FSH _____ aromatase activity in granulosa cells

A

Induces

36
Q

Cyclic recruitment of occurs during the ________ phase of the preceding cycle

A

Late luteal

37
Q

When a dominant follicle is attained, in the mid to late follicular phase of the current cycle there is a ____________ in circulating estradiol

A

Dramatic increase

38
Q

Ovulation occurs about ______ days after a follicle is selected

A

10-14

39
Q

What is the role of FSH in the follicle selection process?

A

FSH stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and estradiol synthesis

FSH induces expression fo LH receptors in granulosa cells

40
Q

How does the dominant follicle inhibit the development of less mature follicles?

A

Estradiol and inhibin have a negative feedback effect on FSH release by the anterior pituitary. This deprives the less mature follicles of the adequate stimulation by FSH. This leads to all but the dominant follicle undergoing atresia. The follicular fluid of the dominant follicle contains FSH which helps sustain it in face of falling FSH levels

41
Q

FSH ______- the expression of LH receptors in granulosa cell

A

Induces

42
Q

What causes the cumulus expansion to occur as the dominant follicle approaches the ovulatory phase?

A

The cumulus cells detach from the mural cells.
Cumulus stay connected to oocyte

Cumulus cells release hyaluronic acid in response to LH stimulation which causes an increase in the size of the cumulus-oocyte complex

43
Q

The trigger for ovulation is an abrupt surge in ____

A

LH

This surge is induced by estrogens produced by dominant follicle

44
Q

COX2 inhibitors have been shown to _____ ovulation

A

Inhibit

Mechanism is unclear but LH induces the expression of COX2 and progesterone receptors

45
Q

LH allows granulosa-lutein cells to absorb LDL and HDL in the corpus luteum by:

A

Inducing the formation of LDL and HDL receptors

By inducing the breakdown of the basal lamina

46
Q

Estrogen production by the corpus luteum requires the presence of what two cell types?

A

Granulosa-lutein

Thecal-lucein

47
Q

During the luteal phase there is a significant ________ in progesterone production?

A

Increase

This can be explained by the fact that the granulosa cells now have access to a source of cholesterol thru blood vessels

48
Q

circulating levels of inhibin B can be used clinically to assess _ _ _ _ _

A

FSH mediated granulosa cell function (follicular phase)

49
Q

Circulating levels of Inhibin A can be used clinically to assess _____

A

LH-mediated corpus luteum function

Luteal phase

50
Q

The principal action of estradiol on the uterus is to. ____

A

Restore the endometrial lining

51
Q

What are the functions of estradiol on the uterus?

x 4

A

Increases expression of progesterone receptors to prep it for endometrial differentiation

Induces growth of uterine gland

Promotes development and elongation of the spiral arteries

Cause proliferation of eptihelial and stromal cells by causing the stromal cells to release more growth factor

52
Q

Prior to menses, there is a vasomotor response of the spiral arteries which consists of a progressive, rhythmic contractions and relaxations. When these are long, there is ischemia and the tissue ends up becoming necrotic. What signal induces this response?

A

Prostaglandin F2a

53
Q

Puberty is triggered by ….

A

A pulsatile release of GnRH by the hypothalamus

54
Q

Estrogens have rapid vaso_________ effects

A

Dilatory

55
Q

Estrogens, over long term, _________ atherosclerosis

A

Prevent

56
Q

What does the HAVOC mnemonic for changes in menopause stand for?

A

Hot flashes

Atrophy of Vagina

Osteoporosis

Coronary artery disease (risk increases)

57
Q

Cessation of the menstrual cycles resulting from a decline in the supply of functional folliclees

A

Menopause

58
Q

What is the predominant serum estrogen in postmenopausal women?

A

Estrone.

Made in fat.

59
Q

LH release during puberty is -_____ pattern in women

A

Nocturnal

60
Q

LH release of gonadotropin during reproductive years in women is ______ pattern

A

Cyclic

S & F 4 Test 2 (15 decks)

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