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S & F 4 Test 2 > McCumbee - Male Repro > Flashcards

McCumbee - Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatogenesis begins __

A

At puberty

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2
Q

The majority of estradiol in males is made in _____ from testosterone

A

Adipose tissue

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3
Q

What constitutes bioavailable testosterone

A

Free testosterone and testosterone bound to albumin

Albumin testosterone easily dissociates

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4
Q

5alpha-reductase inhibitors are useful in treating?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostate cancer

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5
Q

Where can the conversion of testosterone to estradiol (via the aromatase enzyme) occur (x3)

A

certain CNS nuclei

Adipose tissue

Leydig and Sertoli cells

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6
Q

___ promotes androgen biosynthesis in Leydig Cells

A

LH

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7
Q

What does the age-related increase in Sex hormone binding globulin do ?

A

Causes there to be less bioavailable testosterone

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8
Q

Androgens promote protein _______

A

Anabolism

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9
Q

What do androgens do at puberty?

A

Promote the maturation of reproductive structures

Promote the development of secondary sex characteristics

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10
Q

Androgens ______ erythropoietin synthesis

A

Stimulate

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11
Q

Function of sertoli cells

A

Transfer nutrients to the developing germ cells

Create an environment that is conducive for germ cell differentiation into mature spermatozoa

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12
Q

The sertoli cells secrete ? (X3)

A

Estradiol (E2)

Glycoproteins of the TGFbeta family (AMH, activin, inhibins)

Androgen binding protein (ABP)

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13
Q

Both FSH and testosterone ______ ABP production by sertoli cells

A

Stimulate

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14
Q

Clinically, how is sertoli cell function assessed?

A

By measuring ABP production.

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15
Q

What is the primary function of Inhibin B (secreted from Sertoli cells)

A

Exerts a negative feedback effect on GnRH stimulated FSH secretion

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16
Q

E2 (estradiol) is formed by the aromatization of testosterone in response to ______ stimulation

A

FSH

17
Q

What is the role of FSH on sperm production?

A

FSH is required for maintenance of normal levels of sperm production

Acts on Sertoli cells

Need the regular pulsatile delivery of GnRH to the gonadotropes

18
Q

How are the actions of FSH on Sertoli cells mediated?

A

Thru a GPCR which activates the cAMP singaling pathway.

19
Q

What are the ways that FSH acts on Sertoli Cells?

X5

A

Promotes proliferation of sertoli cells in the immature testes

Maintains normal Sertoli cell function in mature testes

Works thru sertoli cells to produce growth factor and anti-apoptotic factor for spermatogonia

Increase production of androgen binding protein to keep high androgen levels in lumen of seminiferous tubules

Stimulates inhibin synthesis

20
Q

How does LH promote spermatogenesis?

A

Indirectly, by stimulating the Leydig cells to produce testosterone

21
Q

What happens to spermatazoa in the epididymis?

A

They spend about a month here for maturation. They develop unidirectional motility and are coated with a substance that protects from decapacitance.

Epididymis is also a sight of sperm storage.

22
Q

The first detectable change in gonadotropin production in the late prepubertal period is _____

A

A sleep associated surge in LH release

23
Q

Testosterone ______ the hypothalamic pulse generator

A

Inhibits

24
Q

Inhibin is secreted by ?

A

Sertoli cells

25
Q

FSH and Testosterone _________ the production of inhibin

A

Increase

26
Q

Inhibin _______ FSH release

A

Inhibits

27
Q

In the flaccid state, the blood flow is minimal because these vessels are constricted

A

Helicine arteries

28
Q

During sexual stimulation, in males, mucus is secreted by _______ and _______ glands

A

Urethral

Bulbourethral

29
Q

The movement of semen into the proximal part of the urethra

Involves coordinated rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in vas deferens, ampulla, prostate and seminal vesicles

A

Emission

30
Q

Testosterone _-___ the hypothalamic pulse generator

A

Inhibits

31
Q

Efferent parasympathetic fibers to the sinusoidal spaces and helicine arteries release ______ and _____ to elicit the erectile response

A

Nitric Oxide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Both are vasodilatory, relaxing arteries and sinusoids

32
Q

The erectile response is mediated at the ______ section of the spinal cord

The emission response is elicited at the _________ section of the spinal cord

A

Sacral

Lumbar

33
Q

Emission is mediated by sympathetic neurons in the upper lumbar region releasing norepinephrine for ______ receptors

A

Alpha-1

34
Q

What is seen in classic Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

Extra X’s

Most common XXY

Seminiferous tubules are fibrotic and hyalinized.

Germ cells not typically present in testes

Typically infertile

Function of leydig cells variable.

Hypogonadism (testes small and firm)

Androgen deficiency, estrogen excess

Gynecomastia and lack of pubic hair common

35
Q

What labs are commonly seen in Klinefelter syndrome?

4

A

FSH and LH elevated

Testosterone levels are low to normal

Estradiol levels elevated

36
Q

What happens in orchitis:

A

Inflammation of testes leads to destruction of the seminiferous tubules. Can be secondary to mumps

Leydig cells not usually affected

(Orchitis is a type of primary hypogonadism)

37
Q

In Kallmann’s syndrome, circulating levels of gonadotropins are ____

A

Low

38
Q

Explain Kallmann’s syndrome

A

Secondary hypogonadism

Isolated gonadotropin deficiency due to deficient production of GnRH in the hypothalamus

Arrested spermatogenesis in testes

Low circulating gonadotropes

Decreased sense of smell

Sympt’s of androgen deficiency at puberty

S & F 4 Test 2 (15 decks)

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