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MCAT - Biology > MCAT Biology Ch9: The Cardiovascular System Kap > Flashcards

MCAT Biology Ch9: The Cardiovascular System Kap Flashcards

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1
Q

CVS consists of

A

muscular 4 chambered heart

blood vessels

blood

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2
Q

heart

A

two pumps

each side made up of two chambers: atrium and ventricle

4 square chambers

muscular organ

walls composed of cardiac muscle (only in heart) of varying thickness

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3
Q

right heart

A

accepts deoxygenated blood => pulmonary arteries => lungs

pumping blood to lungs via pulmonary circulation

right heart => lungs => lower resistance => lower pressure

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4
Q

left heart

A

pulmonary veins => receives oxygenated blood from lungs => aorta => body

pumps blood to all tissues by systemic circulation

more muscular => higher pressure => over greater distances against higher resistance

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5
Q

atria

A

thin walled

blood received here before moving to ventricle

branch into arterioles

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6
Q

ventricle

A

more muscular than atria

does actual work of pumping blood out of the heart (to body or lungs)

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7
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in body

major arteries (coronary, common carotid, renal) divide blood flow from here to different peripheral tissues.

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8
Q

arterioles

A

ultimately lead to capillaries

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9
Q

capillaries

A

perfuse to tissue

join together into venules

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10
Q

venules

A

these join into veins

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11
Q

inferior and superior vena cavae

A

deoxygenated blood travel through veins to these

largest veins in the body

carry blood to right atrium

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12
Q

right atrium

A

pumps blood into right ventricle

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13
Q

right ventricle

A

blood into lungs via pulmonary arteries for gas exchange

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14
Q

lungs

A

when blood leaves through pulmonary vein, goes to left atrium

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15
Q

CVS pathway

A

left atrium => left ventricle => aorta => arteries => arterioles => capillaries => venules => IVC and SVC => right atrium => right ventricle => pulmonary arteries => lungs => pulmonary veins => left atrium

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16
Q

portal system

A

some cases, blood passes through two of these, which are connected by venules, before returning to heart

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17
Q

two types of portal systems

A

hepatic and hypophyseal portal system

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18
Q

hepatic portal system

A

connects vasculatures of intestines and liver

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19
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

in the brain connects vasculatures of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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20
Q

left ventricle

A

thickest in the heart

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21
Q

valves

A

blood flow in one direction
blood flow in one direction

prevent backflow into atria and ventricles

heart beats by ventricular contraction

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22
Q

AV values

A

between atria and ventricles

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23
Q

tricupsid valve

A

right AV, three leaflets

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24
Q

bicupsid/mitral valve

A

left AV, 2 leaflets

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25
Q

semilunar valve

A

each ventricle protected by this

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26
Q

pulmonary

A

right semilunar valve; between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

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27
Q

aortic

A

left semilunar valve, separates the left ventricle from aorta

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28
Q

diastole

A

prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary arteries and aorta into ventricles during ventricular contraction

heart is relaxed, semilunar valve closed, and blood from atria is filling ventricles.

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29
Q

systole

A

AV valves prevent backflow from ventricles into atria during contraction

ventricular contraction and closure of AV valvues occur and blood pumped out of ventricles

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30
Q

LAB RAT

A

left atrium bicupsid

right atrium tricupsid

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31
Q

contraction

A

of ventricular muscle generates the higher pressure of systole, whereas their relaxation during dias. causes pressures to dec.

the elascitiy of wall of large arteries which stretch out to receive vol of blood from the heart to maintain sufficient pressure while ventricular muscle are relaxed.

if weren’t for elasticity of large arteries => dias. blood pressure (gauge pressure) plummet to zero => wouldn’t survive long

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32
Q

s1

A

two AV valves close

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33
Q

s2

A

two semilunar valves close

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34
Q

cardiac output

A

total blood vol pumped by the ventricle in a min.

product of heart rate and stroke volume

human = 5L/min

depend on size, age, and cardiovascular and systemic health

rest or exercise => ANS will dec. (parasymp) or inc. (symp.) cardiac output

ANS regulates this by inc. or dec. the heart rate

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35
Q

heart rate

A

beats per min

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36
Q

stroke volume

A

vol of blood pumped per beat

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37
Q

cardiac muscle

A

coordinated, rhythmic contraction of this originates in an electrical impulse generated by and traveling through a pathway formed by four electrically excitable structures

  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. bundle of His (AV bundle)
  4. Purkinje fibers.

myogenic activity

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38
Q

impulse

A

initiation occurs at SA node, generating 60-100 signals per min w/ any neural input => small collection of cells in wall of right atirum

depolarization wave spreads from SA ndoe => two atria contract simul. => atrial systole (contraction) inc. in atrial pressure => more blood pumped into ventricles (atrial kick, 5-30 % of cardiac output) => signal at AV node => signal delayed here => ventricle fill completely before contract => bundle of His (in interventricular septum (wall) and Purkinje fibers => electrical signal through ventricular muscle => ventricular contraction

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39
Q

SA node

A

intrinsic rhythm of 60 to 100 signals/min

stress, exercise, excitement, surprise => rise above 100

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40
Q

cardiac contraction influence

A

parasymp. and symp

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41
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

neurotransmitters slow heart via vagus nerve

42
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

neurotransmitter speed up heart rate

43
Q

vagus nerve

A

neurotransmitters slow heart this

44
Q

three major types of vessels

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

45
Q

arteries

A

strong

thick-welled

carry blood away from heart to lungs and other parts

most contain oxygenated blood

ONLY pulmonary arteries and (fetal) umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood

same components, diff prop, same type of cells

more smooth muscle than veins

high elasticity => high resistance to flow of blood => left ventricle generate at high pressure

fill w/ blood => elastic recoil from walls => high pressure => force blood forward =>

46
Q

veins

A

thin-wallled

inelastic vessels

blood to heart

deoxy blood, EXCEPT pulmonary and umb. vessels,

same components, diff prop, same type of cells

capacitive => carry large amounts of blood since then, inelastic walls than stretch out easily and don’t recoil (3/4 blood)

flow up, against gravity; prevents backflow by:

  1. inelasticity: larger veins one way valve => shut => prevent backflow
  2. thinner/absent layer of smooth muscle: skeletal muscle surrounds large veins => squeeze veins as muscle contract => blood against gravity
    - if blood clot in vein => dislodged => through heart into pulmonary vasculature => stuck in small vessel
47
Q

capillary

A

single endothelial cel layers => exchange of nutrients and gases

delicate

punch => erythrocyte escape to interstital space

small => blood travel in single file

48
Q

Two compartments of blood

A

55% liquid, 45% cells

49
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood, an aq. mix. of nutrients, salts, resp gases, hormones, and blood proteins

50
Q

components of cell compartment

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

51
Q

erythrocytes

A

for o2 transport

not dissolved in cytoplasm (nonpolar, low solub in aq. environment)

contains hemoglobin protein

biconcave disk shape:

  1. travel through tiny capillaries
  2. inc. cell’s SA => greater gas exchange

mature => lose nuclei, mito, and other mem. organelles

form and mature in bone marrow before released into circulation

  1. loss organelles => max. amount of hemoglobin for gas exchange
  2. no mito => rely on fermentation for ATP production

live about 120 days

spleen and liver phagocytize them for recycled parts

52
Q

leukocytes

A

form in bone marrow

less than 1 percent total blood vol (500-1000)

inc. during infection

crucial part of immune system, defense against pathogens

53
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments derived megakaryocytes

clot blood

conc. of 200,000-500,000 per mL

54
Q

hemoglobin

A

can bidn 4 molecules of O2 in RBC

55
Q

5 basic types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils

cosinophils

basophils

lymphocytes

monocytes

56
Q

2 class of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

57
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, cosinophils, basophils

cytoplasmic granules are visible under microscope

having compounds that are toxic to invading microbes

involved in inflammation rxns, allergies, pus formation, destruction of bac and parasites

58
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

59
Q

lymphocytes

A

important in specific immune response

some involved in immediate fight against infection, while others in long term memory bank in pathogen recognition

learn from experience => lightning fast response

receive vaccine

60
Q

specific immune response

A

body’s targeted fight against particular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria

61
Q

lymphocyte maturation locations (3)

A

spleen or lymph nodes => B-cells

thymus => T cells

62
Q

B cells

A

antibody generation

63
Q

T cells

A

kill virally infected cells

activate other cells

64
Q

macrophage

A

monocytes that phagocytize foreign matter like bacteria

marrow => bloodstream => tissue outside of vascular system

65
Q

microglia

A

macrophages in brain are called this

66
Q

megakaryocytes

A

breakup of cells known as these; cell fragments (platelets) derived from these

67
Q

HIV

A

loss of certain subset of T cells known as helper T cells => prevents generation of immune responses against opportunistic infections

68
Q

antigen

A

surface proteins expressed by a cell may initiate an organism’s immune system

69
Q

two major antigen families

A

ABO anigens and Rh factor protein

relative to blood groups

70
Q

ABO Group

A

three alleles for blood type

A and B are codominant

naming based on presence or absence of protein variants

foreign antigens recognized by antibodies

71
Q

O blood cells

A

express neither variant => no immune response, regardless of recipient’s blood type

universal donor

produce both antibodies for A and B

72
Q

universal recipients

A

AB blood

73
Q

Rh factor

A

surface protein

\+ = presence (dominant)
- = absence
74
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh- mom and Rh+ kid => mom antibodies => 2nd preg => anti across placenta and attack fetal blood cells => hemolysis of fetal cells

medicine (passive immunization) prevents this

75
Q

Function of CVS

A
  1. RBC and plasma=> transport compounds => to and from body’s tissue
  2. prod. of diff. types of leuko + delivery of immune cells to fight against localized or systemic pathogens => immunity
  3. platelets and clot formation => repairing damaged vessels
76
Q

two major gases transported in blood

A

O2 and CO2

77
Q

oxygen

A

from lungs to tissue

carried by hemoglobin in blood => prosthetic heme group bind to O2 (actual binding by central Fe) => redox

O2 saturation decreases when hemoglobin more readily giving up O2

78
Q

cooperative binding

A

1st o2 binds to heme => conform shift in hemoglobin from taut to relax => inc. hemoglobin’s affinity in O2 => full => remove one O2 => shift => dec. affintiy

sigmodial

allosteric effect (due to quaternary structure)

79
Q

CO2

A

primary waste prod. of cell resp

nonpolar => low solub. in aq. plasma => small % transported in blood to lungs is dissolved in plasma;

vast majority in blood as bicarbonate
-CO2 in RBC => enzyme carbonic anhydrase => combo CO2 and H20 = > carbonic acid => disso. H and bicarbonate anion (high solub) => effective transport cell resp waste prod. to lungs for excretion => formation of ions can be reversed once blood reaches alveolar capillaries in lungs

lower affinity on hemoglobin than O2

80
Q

conc. of free protons in blood affects pH

A

high energy demand => inc. rate of cell resp. and o2 supply => higher cell metabolism => PCO2 => lactic acid => dec. pH (inc. proton con => shift right (Bohr))=> signal hemoglobin that tissue needs more oxygen to metabolic active tissue

81
Q

link between pH homeo and resp and renal systems

A

WA and CB (buffer) => min. dramatic shift in pH

carbonic acid/bicarbonate

pH of blood = 7.4, alkaline

metabolic or respiratory disturbances => pH down (acidosis) or up (alkalosis)

resp. rate rise or fall => inc. or dec. amount of CO2 gas excreted

kidney => inc or dec. amount of bicarbonate ion secreted into nephron filtrate

acidosis => resp rate inc. => reduce systemic PCO2 => shift reversible left => dec. in H ion conc. (increase in pH)

82
Q

list of transport of nutrients and waste

A

carbs and AA

fats

wastes

83
Q

carbs and AA (transport of nutrients and waste)

A

absorb in small intestine capillaries => hepatic portal system => systemic circulation

84
Q

fats (transport of nutrients and waste)

A

absorbed into lacteals in small intestine => bypass hepatic portal circulation => thoracic duct => systemic circulation => blood stream => packaged into lipoproteins (water soluble)

85
Q

wastes ((transport of nutrients and waste))

A

Co2, ammonia, urea

down conc. gradient from tissue into capillaries => blood into excretory organs => waste products filtered or secreted for removal from body

86
Q

two pressures gradients essential for maintaining proper balance of fluid vol. and solution conc. in interstitium

A

hydrostatic and oncotic (osmotic) pressures

opposing

87
Q

gradients

A

…

88
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

arteriole end of cap => hydrostatic pressure (by contraction of heart and elasticity of arteries, measured upstream in large arteries as BP) is relatively high =>

force per unit are that blood exerts against vessel walls.

capillaries leaky => fluid forced out of bloodstream into interstitial space of tissues (carry nutrients) => pressure drops => venule end of capillary bed, pressure dropped below oncotic pressure

lower pressure in capillaries since can’t handle such high pressure

89
Q

oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure generated by conc. (plasma proteins) of particles in plasma compartment

constant osmotic/oncotic along capillary, as nutrients filter out and wastes filter in at relatively equal rate

exerts inward force and draws fluid, nutrients. and wastes out of tissues => bloodstream

90
Q

starling forces

A

balance of opposing pressure (hydrostatic and oncotic (osmotic) pressures)

too much/little fluid in tissue => imbalance

excess fluid in interstitium => edema
block of lymph nodes => edema

some interstitial fluid => lymphatic system => lymphatic fluid => thoracic duct => returns to central circulatory system

91
Q

clotting

A

prevents loss of blood

platelets contact w/ exposed collagen => release (clump together) thromboplastin => prothrombin => thrombin (help from enzymatic cofactors Ca and K) => fibrin (from fibrinogen)

genetic diseases like hemophilia

92
Q

thromboplastin

A

one of important chemicals this clotting factor they release is this

93
Q

thrombin

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

94
Q

fibrin

A

protein that makes little fibers that aggregate like net, capturing RBCs and other platelets => clot

95
Q

scab

A

clot forms on surface vessel that has been cut

96
Q

immuno. rxns

A

body can differentiate between self and foreign by identifying cell-surface antigen

97
Q

BP

A

measure of blood’s force per unit area on vessel walls

recorded as gauge pressure (pressure above atm pressure

98
Q

O +

A

most common type of blood in US

99
Q

AB-

A

least common type of blood in US

100
Q

hemoglobin-oxygen disso.

A

right => less O2 bound to this -> inc. in partial pressure of CO2 => dec. in pH (inc. pressure and lactic acid build up) => inc in temp => inc. metabolic rate => signal for more O2

101
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pushes fluid out of vessels (dependent on blood pressure driven by heart)

102
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pulls fluid back into vessels (dependent on number of particles dissolved in plasma)

MCAT - Biology (16 decks)

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