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MCAT - Biology > MCAT Biology Ch8: Respiration Kap > Flashcards

MCAT Biology Ch8: Respiration Kap Flashcards

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1
Q

lungs

A
  • where gas exchange occurs

- primary function - movement of gas in the lungs

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2
Q

air pathway

A

enters resp tract through external nares of nose (mouth and nose warm and humid air before into lungs)–> nasal cavity, filtered through mucous membranes and nasal hairs, cilia (so don’t breathe in lungs) –> pharnyx –> larnyx –> cartilaginous trachea –> mainstream bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli

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3
Q

external nares

A

air enters resp tract here first

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4
Q

larynx

A
  • only for air

- opening of it (glottis) is covered by epiglottis during swallowing

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5
Q

pharnyx

A

between mouth and esphoagus where food travels

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6
Q

epiglottis

A

covers glottis during swallowing

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7
Q

trachea

A

-air passes here from larynx, then into bronchi

–ciliated epithelial cells to catch material that pasted nose

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8
Q

bronchi

A
  • one per side
  • air comes from trachea
  • divided into bronchioles, where air goes
  • ciliated epithelial cells to catch material that pasted nose
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9
Q

bronchioles

A
  • smaller structures divided from bronchi, which air comes from
  • air goes to alveoli
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10
Q

alveoli

A
  • tiny structures in which gas exchange occurs
  • air comes from bronchioles
  • each alveolus coats w/ surfactant –> lowers surface tension and prevents alveolus from collapse
  • network of caps surrounds each to carry O2 and CO2
  • branching and min. size –> large SA for gas exchange (100 m2)
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11
Q

surfactant

A

detergent that lowers SA and prevents alveolus from collapse

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12
Q

thoracic cavity

A
  • lung are in here
  • also contains heart
  • separated from organs of digestion by muscle known as diaphragm
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13
Q

diaphragm

A
  • muscle separates thoracic cavity from organs of digestion
  • necessary for inspiration
  • composed of skeletal muscle –> somatic control
  • chest wall forms one side
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14
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm is necessary for this

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15
Q

pleurae (sing. pleura)

A
  • membrane surrounds each lung

- closed sac against which lung grows

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16
Q

visceral

A
  • surface against lung

- inner

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17
Q

parietal

A
  • all other parts of sac (pleura)

- outer, assoc w/ chest wall

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18
Q

intrapleural space

A
  • space w/in space (between visceral and parietal)
  • contains thin layer of fluid
  • helps lubricate two pleural surfaces
  • pressure differential between it with lungs –> for proper respiration
19
Q

stages of ventilation

A
  • pressure –> work
  • pressure differentials between lungs and intrapleural space to drive air into lungs
  • inhalation and exhalation
20
Q

inhalation

A
  • active process
  • use diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to expand thoracic cavity
  • cavity enlarges –> diaphragm flattens down –> chest wall moves out –> intrapleural vol increase (dec pressure) –> lungs (atm) sucks in higher pressure (outside air) –> expand
21
Q

external intercostal muscles

A
  • used during inhalation to expand thoracic cavity

- layers of muscles between ribs

22
Q

negative-pressure breathing

A
  • during inhalation

- driving force is lower (relatively neg) pressure in intrapleural space compared w/ lungs (alveoli)

23
Q

exhalation

A
  • doesn’t have to be active process
  • diaphragm and external intercostals relax –> chest cavity dec in size (vol) –> intrapleural space pressure down vol (inc. pressure) –> air pushed out –> exhalation
  • surfactant prevents complete collapse of alveoli during exhalation by reducing surface tension at alveolar surface
24
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

-highly active tasks –> speed process using this which opposes externals and pull rib cage down –> actively dec vol of thoracic cavity

25
Q

control of ventilation

A
  • breathing requires input from nervous control center
  • primarily regulated by neurons; primarily sensitive to carbon dioxide conc; CO2 rise –> resp. rate will inc. to counter

-limited extent to control our breathing through cerebrum
-hypoventilation - inc. CO2 levels and override by medulla
-hyperventilation - blow too much CO2 and inhibit ventilation
(low level O2 –> hypoxia drive ventilatory response)

26
Q

ventilation centers

A

ventilation primarily regulated by neurons in the medulla oblongata, rhythmically fire to cause regular contraction of respiratory muscles

27
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • how CO2 conc are measured

- neurons’ surfaces monitor changes in blood’s pH

28
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

–healthy = 6 to 7 liters

-breathe in –> total amount of air in lings at this point

29
Q

spirometer

A
  • instrument to assess lung capacities
  • measure amount of air normally present in lungs and rate which ventilation occurs.
  • normal respiration - 12 breaths/min
  • higher elevation –> ventilation may inc.
30
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

-breathe out until we cannot breathe out –> total amount forced out

31
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

-left over air in lung (expelling all –> lung collapse)

32
Q

TLC

A

VC + RV

33
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

air naturally comes out w/ exhalation

34
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

-resp. muscles to push air out, the bit of air that exits

35
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

-extra air take in

36
Q

VC

A

TV + ERV + IRV

37
Q

gas exchange

A

-pulmonary cap. surrounds each alveolus (single-celled layer) –> bring deoxygenated blood from pulmonary arteries

38
Q

left lung

A

has small identation => smaller lung, due to position of heart in the cavity

39
Q

digestive system

A

also has villi and microvilli

40
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in intrapleural space => inc. the pressure => lung collapse => needle to withdraw air

41
Q

boyle laws

A

applies neg- pressure breathing

42
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of alveolar walls => reduced elastic recoil of lungs

43
Q

inhalation and exhalation

A

muscle contraction => neg. pressure in thoracic cavity => forces air in during inspiration => expiration => elastic recoil of lungs and musculature => during more active states => muscle used to force air out => speed ventilation

MCAT - Biology (16 decks)

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