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MCAT - Biology > MCAT Biology Ch1: The Cell Kap > Flashcards

MCAT Biology Ch1: The Cell Kap Flashcards

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1
Q

chromosome

A

genetic material encoded in DNA organized into linear strands in eukaryotes

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2
Q

cystosol

A

cell membrane enclosing this semifluid in eukaryotes

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3
Q

nucleus

A

chromosomes are found in here in eukaryotes

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4
Q

eukaryotes diff

A

plants: cell wall and choroplasts

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5
Q

eukaryotic organelles

A

separate bio chem rxns into distinct membrane bound organelles, suspended in aq. cystosol contain free proteins, nutrients, and other solutes.

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6
Q

cytoskeleton

A

made up of three proteins (actin and intermediate filaments, microtubules); allow materials moved around inside cell, anchoring other organelles w.in cell

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7
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

cell membrane made of this; hydrophobic tail (intramembrane) and hydrophilic head

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8
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

theory of phospholipid bilayer, protein and lipids rafts control solutes in and outside of cell; these molecules usually freely mobile w/in membrane, easier for nonpolar (ex: steroid) and not polar (proteins, attach to cell receptor and modify cell activity via internal 2ndary messenger, like cAMP)

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9
Q

cholesterol in membranes

A

in cell membrane, helps regulate fluidity or stiffness of membrane but also generate all steroid hormones

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10
Q

transport protein

A

control in and out of cell for polar molecules and ions

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11
Q

cell adhesion molecules (CAM)

A

cells recognition, proper cell differentiation and development

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12
Q

nucleus

A

contains all genetic material need for replication

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13
Q

nuclear membrane/envelope

A

nucleus surrounded by this; double membraned, separate and distinct from cytoplasm

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14
Q

nuclear pores

A

selective two way exchange of material in and out of nucleus

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15
Q

genes

A

genetic material (DNA) organized into coding regions

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16
Q

histones

A

linear DNA wound around organizing proteins

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17
Q

chromosomes (chromatids)

A

linear DNA wound around organizing proteins and further wound

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18
Q

nucleolus

A

subsection of nucleus, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

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19
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

where free and bound ribosomes go, membrane-bound channels in cytoplasm that transport proteins and lipids to various parts of the cell; proper protein production (via bound ribosomes); series of interconnected of membrane bound organelles

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20
Q

ribosome

A

responsible for protein production, free or bound

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21
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and positions

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22
Q

rough ER

A

more directed to production of protein products

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23
Q

golgi apparatus

A

certain products get repackaged; series of membrane-bound sacs; smooth ER –> repackages –> cell surface –> secretory vesicles –> exocytosis directs materials w/in cell

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24
Q

secretory vesicles

A

products sent here and released to cell exterior

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25
Q

exocytosis

A

process of releasing contents of cell to exterior

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26
Q

vesicles/vacuoles (plants, larger)

A

wrapping; transport and store materials ingested, secreted, processed, or digested.

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27
Q

lysosome

A
  1. garbage dump, takes material from endosomes, uses hydrolytic enzymes at lower pH (5) (these are sequestered from cells to prevent damage through oxidized intermediates)
  2. remove old and replace with new
  3. cause death (autolysis), selectively choose when to release enzymes, commit suicide
  4. recycling properties used in other cell processes
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28
Q

mitochondria

A

power plant, two layers are inner and outer; semiautonomous, some of own genes and replicate independently via binary fission, evolved from pro ingesting another in symbiotic relationship; can released some enyzmes of ETC during apotosis, circular DNA

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29
Q

outer membrane of mito

A

in and out materials for respiration, based on size

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30
Q

inner membrane of mito

A

numerous infoldings (cristae) which are highly convoluted –> inc SA –> ETC enzymes sit; encloses mito matrix have many other enzymes for cell respiration

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31
Q

intermembrane space

A

between inner and outer membrane of mito

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32
Q

microbodies

A

catalyzed specific rxn by sequestering the necessary enzymes and substrates

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33
Q

peroxisomes

A

creation of H2O2 in cell and breaks down fats into usable and catalyze detoxification rxns in liver

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34
Q

glyoxysomes

A

germinating plants, converts fat to usable fuel (sugars) until plants can make its own energy via photosynthesis

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35
Q

chloroplast

A

solar power plants, in plants and algae, contain chlorophyll, generation of energy using water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight, own DNA, evolved via symbosis

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36
Q

cell wall

A

stronger barriers and structural support, defense and stability, plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin)

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37
Q

centrioles

A

special mictrobules, for spindle formation, not membrane bound , oriented at right angle, animal= plant cells don’t have

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38
Q

cytoskeleton

A

highway, transport and strength, three components are microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

39
Q

microfilaments (smallest of road)

A

made up of actin, include muscle contraction, interact w/ myosin, moveoment of material w/in cell membrane and anoeboid movement

40
Q

microtubules

A

hollower than actin, polymer of tubulin proteins, largest road in cell, chromosoal separation during mitosis and meiosis, structural basis for cilia and flagella (trap foreign mat.), motility for sperm

41
Q

intermediate filamennts

A

collection of fibers, overall integrity of cell

42
Q

osmosis

A

simple diffusion dealing w/ water, ususally when impermeable to solute

43
Q

facilitated

A

simple diffusion w/ integral proteins

44
Q

endocytosis

A

engulf in vesicle in cell

45
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis w/ fluid and small particles

46
Q

phagocytosis

A

endocytosis w/ large molecules, often receptors w/ substrate

47
Q

exocytosis

A

release from cell

48
Q

epithelial tissue (skin)

A

covers body and line cavities; protection, against invasion, dessication, absorption, secretion, and sensation

49
Q

connective tissue (bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood)

A

supports and framework for high level of interactions

50
Q

nervous tissue (neurons)

A

neurons are primary cell; electrochem gradient allow for cell signaling and coordinated control of multiple tissues, organs, and organs systems

51
Q

muscle tissue

A

three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth and cardiac, each w/ specific function, all exhibit great contractile ability and strength

52
Q

virus

A

acellular structures composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protei coat; small as 20 nm or large as 300 nm; nuclear info circular or linear, single or double stranded, and DNa or RNA

53
Q

capsid

A

protein coat of virus

54
Q

obligate intracellular parasites

A

can’t reproduce independently, so called this

violate cell theory, aren’t considered alive.

55
Q

virions

A

virus will replicate and turn out new copies of itself and can be released to infect new cells

56
Q

bacteriophages

A

virus that specifically target bacteria; don’t enter bacteria, injecting their genetic material (bacterias never enter a cell)

57
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms (unicellular or multicellular):

  1. all living things composed of cells
  2. cell is the unit of life
  3. cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. cells carry genetic info in form of DNA. this is passed form parent to daughter.
58
Q

DNA

A

cells carry genetic info this form

59
Q

magnification

A

increase in the apparent size of an object

60
Q

resolution

A

diff two closely place objects

61
Q

diaphragm

A

controls amount of light passing through the specimen, important for image contrast

62
Q

coarse adjustment knob

A

roughly focuses image, moving the stage up and down

63
Q

fine adjustment knob

A

finely focuses image, same as coarse knob, smaller range of focus

64
Q

phase contrast microscope

A

living organisms, rely on diff in relative indices among diff sub cellular structures, able to view cells activity but aren’t able inc the contrast using dye or prep technique

65
Q

electron microscope

A

most powerful microscope, atomic level, limiting factor is medium, used beam of electrons, pm, subcellular structure, prep tech requried very thin slices and w/ heaving OsO4 for appropriate contrast, death

66
Q

autoradiography

A

at cell level, use radioactive decay follow biochem processes, dist’n of radioactive material in cell and where biochem rxns

67
Q

centrifugation

A

spin rapid speed, inc. apparent force on object in tube, based on shape and density

68
Q

bacteria

A

all are prokaryotes

69
Q

cell wall

A

in pro, not enclose any membrane bound organlles, like nuclei or ER

70
Q

nucleotide

A

genetic material contain in single circular molecule of DNA concentrated in this area

71
Q

plasmid

A

carry other pieces of genetic info in small, circular pieces of DNA, small than nuclear genome and contain a few genes, replicate indie of nuclear genome, copies can be transferred from one bac to another

72
Q

bacteria contains

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, nucleotide region, plasmid, flagella (motility, also found in eukaryotic cells)

73
Q

cytosol

A

cell membrane enclosed this semi fluid in eukaryotes

74
Q

compound light microscope

A

uses two lenses or system of lenses to magnify object. total magnification power is the product of two lenses (eyepiece and objective)

75
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria

76
Q

eukaryotes

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

77
Q

prokaryotes

A

cell walls present in all

78
Q

prokaryotes

A

no nucleus

79
Q

prokaryotes

A

ribosomes subunits are 30s and 50s

80
Q

prokaryotes

A

no membrane bound organelles

81
Q

prokaryotes

A

unicellular

82
Q

eukaryotes

A

cell wall present in fungi and plants only

83
Q

eukaryotes

A

nucleus

84
Q

eukaryotes

A

ribosome subunits = 40s and 60s

85
Q

eukaryotes

A

membrane-bound organelles

86
Q

eukaryotes

A

unicellular or multicellular

87
Q

diff. molecules through memebrane

A

allow nutrients and required compound in while preventing bacteria, viruses, and harmful compounds from entering

88
Q

DNA two main functions

A

directing protein synthesis and serving as genetic blueprint during cell replication

89
Q

mitochondria

A

inherited only from mother, so if genetic defect in on of these genes => all children get it man can’t pass it

90
Q

RBS

A

transport function, have no organelles at all

91
Q

diffusion

A

down its potential energy gradient

92
Q

endo/exocytosis

A

allow cell to compartmentalize certain functions => creating specific environments favorable to rxns like digestion

isolate compounds from cytosol

93
Q

virus

A

enter cells in order to rep, while bacteria don’t

94
Q

passive transport

A

transfer solutes down their conc. gradients, no energy required, since energy already stored in chem gradient

MCAT - Biology (16 decks)

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