May 19th Test Flashcards

1
Q

Self Determination

A

Theory known as “inherent nationalism,” dealt with the ideology that people with the same “ethnic origins, language, and political ideals, had the right to form sovereign states = self-determination.” national powers during the 19th century, ignored much of the ideas of national sovereignty, causing them to deny “autonomy to states such as the Germans, Italians, and Belgians.” Led to many wars:
Belgians gained national sovereignty from the Netherlands in 1830
Italian Unification of 1861
German Unification in 1871
Issues of national sovereignty, continued after this
Example the Balkan people: The Ottoman Empire, controlled the Balkan peninsula until 1829, when European powers such as Austria and Russia are responsible for the rapid division of the territory within the Ottoman empire, causing rapid fragmentation

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2
Q

National Rivalries:

A

Rivalry was present in both “economic competition and colonial conflicts.” caused by nationalism
Largest economic rivalry present between Great Britain and Germany who sought to control the foreign markets.
Germany’s rapid industrialization = threat to Britains “economic performance.”
By 1870 Britain produced, “32% of the worlds total industrial output, while Germany produced 13%.” By 1914, Britains industrial output = 14%
Equivalent output between Germany and England caused tensions between the two countries as they fought for economic dominance

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3
Q

The Naval Race

A

Expensive battle between the two powerful industrial nations of Britain and Germany, carried over into the naval race to gain control of trading routes, which are decisive for controlly territories economically and politically.
They also believed that having a powerful navy and controlling the seas was vital to any war.
Germany announced that their militaries were building a new fleet of navy ships, and to combat this the British built a whole new type of warship, known as the dreadnought, which used steam turbines to power the large ships at a high speed.
In response the Germans built their own fleet of dreadnoughts, and furthered the tensions and rivalries between the two countries

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4
Q

Colonial Disputes:

A

Between the 19th and 20th centuries, industrial powers of the worlds, rapidly sought to colonize and gain as much foreign territory as possible to “bolster economic performance.”
Caused a lot of conflict between nations as they sought to assert claims over these foreign territories.
Britain vs. Russia, in Persia (Iran) and Afghanistan, Britain vs. France in Siam (modern-day Thailand) and the Nile valley, Britain vs. Germany in East+Southwest Africa, Germany vs. France, Morocco and west Africa
Most dangerous rivalry was between Britain and Germany and France and Germany
Germany had only become unified nation in 1871, and was trying to establish itself at the forefront of global power through imperialism, however, Britain and France had already established conquest throughout the world
The rivalry created between British + France vs. Germany contributed to spreading of the war after 1914
First major conflict = French vs. Germans fighting over Morocco in 1905, German gov try to isolate french diplomatically, by announcing support of Morocco independence movement = french threatened war
War avoided by an international conference in Algeciras, Spain, but many other conflicts ensued
Growing tension = Balkan Wars (1912-1913) states of Balkan peninsula fought two consecutive war for the territories of the Ottoman Empire = strained diplomatic relations and influenced the outbreak of the Great War

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5
Q

The Central Powers

A

Also known as the Triple Alliance = close relationship formed between Germany, Austria, and Hungary during the late 19th
In 1879 the two governments formed the Dual alliance against Russian attack and enforced neutrality in case of attack from any other power.
Fear of hostile France, motivated Germans to enter pact and Austrians viewed it as a way to pursue the conquest of Balkan territories, without having to worry about attack from the Russians.
Italy, also fearful of France, joined the alliance in 1882, which made it into the Triple Alliance
Italy nearly ruined the alliance because of its military pursuits in the Ottoman Empire, and rivalry within the Balkans, between Austria and Hungary
Declaration of the Italians in 1911 signaling the start of the war in the Ottoman empire, caused strained relations within the alliance because Germany had tried to establish a relationship with the Turks.

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6
Q

Triple Entente

A

Alliance between Britain, France, and Russia = originated from a series of agreements that settled colonial disputes between Britain in France in 1904 and between Britain and Russia in 1907,
Between 1907 and 1914, cooperation between these nations led to the summer signing of a military pact

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7
Q

Schieffen Plan:

A

Was a strategy devised by the Germans in 1905, to avoid war. Swiftly knock out France and use “defensive action against Russia.”
Operation betted on Russian Inability to mobilize soldiers and supplies as quickly as the French which would give the Germans time to concentrate fully on France
Logistical Problems:
Moving 180,00 soldiers into Belgium and France while also obstructing the goal of maintaining peace if Russia decided to become militarily involved.

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8
Q

Gavrillo Princip

A

Person who essentially began the world war on June 28th, 1914, as he began firing from his revolver
He was a Bosnian Serb who is famously known for assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, while in his car
This essentially began World War 1

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9
Q

The Blank Hand

A

Terrorist organization, centered in Serbia, who “dedicated” itself to unifying South Slavs and Yugoslavs to from a unified nation of Serbia. Their main goal was to gain control of the Austrain-Hungarian empire, which is why they chose to assassinate the heir to the Hapsburg throne. = Why Austrians responded with such violence.

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10
Q

Got Mia UNS

A

Directly translated in German to “God is with us.” as the german soldiers who believed that quick victory and glory were coming their way when entering the war, decreeing that God was on their side.
This was a similiar sentiment to the Russian saying, for “God and Tsar.” and the English saying, “For God, King, and Country!”

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11
Q

Mustard Gas

A

First used by German Troops in January 1935
A liquid, that when exposed to air, turned bright yellow (hence its name) it was released into the trenches, and within 12 hours it had the effect of “rotting the body, within and without.” it caused blistering skin, damaged eyes, and “attacked bronchial tubes.” = stripped mucous membrane, and caused death within 4-5 weeks, causing the victims excruciating pain, whereas they had to be strapped down to control their agony.
Both sides lost a total “of 1.2” million soldiers to this weapon

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12
Q

New Weapons

A

Barbed Wire: although primitive, it proved very successful in keeping enemies behind the lines and out of no-man land
Machine Gun: First deployed during the American Civil War, it allowed for a rapid advancement in military technique, as it made headlong charges, essentially a suicide mission, as this rapid-fire speed would obliterate ongoing charges. Also caused a stalemate in trench warfare, as neither side would venture into no-mans land.
Tanks: first introduced by the British in 1916 in conjunction with the allies to breakdown enemy lines = it was effective in short-term combat, but not in long-term strategic combat
The Airplane: still incredibly new in 1914, by the end of the war, it had improved greatly to become an efficient asset in warfare. Since the planes could not carry enough weaponry to do any significant damage on the ground, their principal usage was in aerial reconnaissance, which was vital to the war. Although both the plane and the tank played more significant roles in the second world war.
The submarine was only deployed first by the Germans during the Great War, when they discovered its effectiveness in taking out American Commercial ships.

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13
Q

Battle of Verdun

A

In 1916, German forces sent a huge battalion to attack the fortress of Verdun, where they faced the French, under their motto of “they shall not pass.”
The Germans did not succeed in invading the fortress but the casualties were enormous, with the French having around 315,000 casualties and the Germans with around 280,000
The British got involved with a counter-attack which gained a few thousands yards, yet they lost 420,000 in the process. The end was that neither side truly gained a strategic advantage.

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14
Q

Zeppelin

A

The 30th of August 1914, the Germans sent a massive Zeplin balloon into Paris, which was filled with Hydrogen gas, and bombs in its underbelly, seeking to target innocent civilians.

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15
Q

Women at War

A

With mass-scale conscription, women were taken out of the home and into the workplace, as with all the men off to war, women were needed to supply the labor, vital to keep industrialization alive.
Women also had a significant role in warfare, as nurses, physicians, and communications clerks.
One of the most crucial roles of women in the workforce was the making of shells in factories. Several million women and children labored in factories in hazardous conditions for hours on end to supply munitions.
The conditions were extremely dangerous because of explosions, (caused many deaths) as well as poisoning due to exposure to TNT explosives
Middle and Upper-Class women saw war as a liberation of freedom, finding a purpose in working for a wage, rather than being confined to domestic spheres.
Women and men never received the same pay, but during the war, wages were considerably higher than before, however, for many this was only a temporary stint outside of domesticity
The extension of voting rights to women was in part due to their role during the war, with Britain granting it in 1918, Germany 1919, and Austria 1919. Overall helped improve societal conditions for women.

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16
Q

Propaganda

A

Maintain a spirit of the homefront, used propaganda, meaning that they censored bad news in media, and vilified and humiliated enemies in almost all mainstream media.
In some countries those who criticized their home countries’ involvement in the war were “prosecuted as traitors.” For example = Joseph Caillux spent two years in prison for suggesting that France should reach a compromise with Germany to promote its best interest.
Many nations tried to convince citizens and soldiers alike that defeat would mean the destruction of “everything worth living for.”
Used posters, pamphlets, and “scientific studies” to dehumanize and vilify the enemy
German Propaganda depicted Russians as “Semi- Asiatic barbarians.” The French depicted the German Hun’s inhumanity by detailing the attacks in Belgium
Other new article claimed that Germans turned their corpses into food and fertilizer

17
Q

Battles in Africa

A

War in Europe expanded into Africa when Germany began to target the African colonies
Germany controlled four colonies: Togoland, the Cameroons, German Southwest Africa, and German East Africa. The conquest of German colonies was lengthy and very difficult, as the Anglo-French took control of Togoland in 3 weeks but the rebellion consisted for much longer.
Fighting took place everywhere, in jungles, rivers, lakes, land, and sea, leading to the fact that germs were sometimes more deadly than combat itself. And Thousands of allied soldiers died due to tropical diseases. Germany did not relinquish control of Africa until Armistice in 1918, November 11th.

18
Q

Gallipoli

A

Largest military operations outside of Europe took place in Southwest Asian territories of Ottoman empire (which was aligned with central powers by 1914)
Winston Churchill the first Lord of Admirality (british navy) that an allied attack against the Ottoman empire (weak oponent) would hurt the Germans
In early 1915, British and French staged an attack to gain control of the Dardanelles strait in attenpt to open warm water supply line to Russia. But allies were defeated when they were struck by bombs and underwater mines
British decided to lands troops of Canadians, Austrialian, English, and New Zealand soldiers on beach of Gallipoli peninsula = disaster
Turks quickly isolated allied troops on the beaches while trench warfare on the beach ensued, which led to 250,000 casualties in 9 months before they admitted defeat.
Battle had longterm consequencess, as even though the British directed campaign, much of the casualties were from Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. = weakening imperial ties and growing national identities

19
Q

Anzac Day:

A

Day remembered in Australia of the 1915, 25th of April landing on the beach that led to so much loss. Anzac = (acronym for Austrialian and New Zealand Army corps)
Countries most significant day of public hommage.

20
Q

Armenian Genocide

A

War = campaign of extermination against Ottoman Empires 2 million armenians (largest ethnic non-muslim group) tension between Christian Armenians and Ottoman gov goes back to 19th century
Originally the Armenians relied upon the government to protect them from non-muslim discrimination = abuse= led to actions on behalf of Armenians = protests in 1890 and 1895 led ottoman gov to believe they were seeking independence
In 1913, Ottoman empires declared new regimes of Turkish nationalism.
During Great War, the Ottoman empire declared that the Armenians were the internal “traitorous enemy” = threatened state security = led to campaign to exterminate them which also led to mass evacuations = forced them into conditions of starvation, dehydration, and exposure = death of tens of thousands of armenians
Government also enacted violence against them by mass -drowning, stabbing with blunt instruments, and incarceration.
Took place between 1915-1917

21
Q

Sykes-Picot Treaty

A

In 1916 - treaty that defined the spheres of influence and control in southwest Asia for British and French after their victory in war .
1917 = arabs upset= divided Arab territories in Ottoman empire outside of Arabian peninsul between the control of the British and the French

22
Q

Balfour Declaration

A

1917 when the Brtish Declared support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for Jewish people” = direct support of the zionist movement which caused tension among the Brtish and the Arabs whose land this treaty encroached upon

23
Q

Revolution in russia

A

In spring of 1917 series of famines, mutaniys, and ‘disentegrating armies’ provokes a series of riots in St. Petersburg
Caused leadership (Romanov Dynasty to relinquish control of the throne to provisional government) March Revolution unplanned and incomplete affair
Struggle for Power: success of uprising in Petroguard (St, Petersburg) caused complete shift of power throughout Russia as the power was divided between the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies, Soviets were “revolutionnary councils formed by Socialists” established during the 1905 revolution. “Controlled factories and segments of the military.”
Between march and november = struggle for power between soviets and provisional government
New gov originally had complete control/ public support = disbanded tsariast police, took away limitations of speech and abolished laws that discriminate against ethnic or religious groups = did not satisfy popular demand to end war and redistribute land)
Gov wanted war to continue bc of agreements with allies, while soviets wanted immediate peace

24
Q

Vladamir Lenin

A

Revolutionary Marxists who formerly lived in exile in Switzerland. He contrasted marx in his belief that the industrial class lacked the organization to form a successful uprising.
Lenin believed that the proletariat needed harsh leadership to control and organize revolution to create socialist revolution
German high command brought lenin to help deal with revolution in 1917,
He headed the Bolsheviks a radical left wing party wanted transfer of ‘legal authority’ to the soviets initially opposed radical actions but that soon changed.

25
Q

The October Revolutions

A

Bolsheviks gained control of the Petroguard Soviets, and the provisional government struggling to provide food and support to humanitarian crisis which led them to turn to soviets as the only solution
Soviets advocated “peace, land and bread”
Lenin convinced Bolshevik party to lead armed insurection to seize power
Nightime 6th nov soldiers stormed winter palace and power passed into hands of lenin and bolshevik party
US journalist John Reed deemed these events “10 days that shook the world.” Lenin’s leadership = change traditional foundations of Russian society

26
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

Treaty drawn up by the Bolsheviks to end Russian involvement in the Great War with Germany on 3rd March 1918, treaty gave germans much of Russian territory such as Baltic States, Caucasus, Finland, Poland, and Ukraine) treaty was humiliating but in gave the new Russian Government the abolity to deal with is own internal issues also meant that German could “concentrate all of its resources on western front.”

27
Q

1916 Easter Rebellion in Ireland

A

It was a rebellion against the Brtish as Irish citizens took up arms to attempt to gain independence from Britain,
Staged by several militant groups with the help of civilians
There was a large number of casualties with the streets of Dublic completely ransacked

28
Q

Armistice

A

It was a ceasefire between the Allies and Germany on November 11th 1918
It did not end the war completely but brought peace on western front, while real treaty made
It was greatly influenced by President Woodrow Wilsons 14 points which served as the basis for armistice

29
Q

Influenza Pandemic of 1919

A

One of the worst pandemics in recorded human history, with over 20 million dead (more than the Great War)
Called Spanish Flu because that is where first recorded outbreak took place
Spread of people throughout Europe due to the war caused this virus to spread rapidly
Affected people throughout the world in India an estimate puts the death toll at around 7 million while in the Pacific islands an estimated 25% of the population was lost
There was no cure or medical aid that could be given

30
Q

Wilsons 14 points

A

January 1918, one year before Paris Peace Conference, US president Woodrow Wilson forwarded a proposal of peace terms
His terms were accepted by the Central powers and they served as the basis for an armistice
The main proposition of Wilsons points was to propose: open peace agreements, freedom of naval navigation, no economic barriers and equal trade laws between nations, reduction of national armies, “adjustments to colonial disputes” to ensure more ‘equitable’ distribution of land
Mostly supported but had some opposition from allies due to plans of secret wartime affairs

31
Q

Peace Treaties

A

A series of peace agreements and compromises set forth by the victors
Hardest was French who wanted to completely disband/weaken German power, so as well as taking responsibility for the war, they also had to reduce the military capacity of their nations
Allies prohibited Austria and Germany from entering into any type of union, French +British agree that central powers must pay for damages of the war
Paris Peace Conference = several more peace treaties, such as Bulgaria accepting treaty of Neuilly in 1919, (ceding small portion of Balkan territory) Treaty of St. Germain (1919) between Allies and Austrian republic and the Treaty of Trianon 1920 between allies and kingdom of Hungary,
Treaty of Sevres (1920) caused essentially destruction of Ottoman Empire as all of the Arab and Balkan territories were ceded, along with provinces in Eastern and Southern Anatolia
Mustafa Kamal led independence movement for Turkey and won in 1923 in Treaty of Lausanne

32
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

1919 it was a treaty that limited Germanies militant power
Meaning they could not have an airforce or a navy and that there army had to be reduced to 100,000 troops (textbook)
Extraordiararily harsh and Germany felt shorted by this, influenced world war II
Had almost no power as military for germany

33
Q

League of Nations

A

The League of Nations was created by French diplomats as an attempt to avoid future destructive conflicts (such as the great war)
The League was the first “permenant international security organization whos goal was to maintain peace”
US president Woodrow Wilson encouraged that the covenant of the League of Nations be implemented in all future peace treaties, and accepted as a term of peace by all major nations
Orignally seen as “sign of a new era:” according to the textbook, “26 of the 42 original members of the league were outside of Europe, suggesting that it transcended European interests.”
However the league was essentially ineffective due to two major flaws: it was designed to solve international disputes through legal action (not war) but it essentailly had no power to enforce its rulings. Secondly, it relied upon Collective Security, which in itself set the world up for major conflict because an attack on any of its members was to be regarded as an attack on all, which would ensure another world war.
This idea of collective security was also rendered ineffective because it none of the major powers would join the league: The US refused because the US senate rejected it, The Germans would not join it because they regarded it as a “club of allied victors” and Japan saw it as “instrument of Imperialism” causing them to leave the league in 1933.
The Soviet Union joined the League, believing it to be a “Tool of global capitalism.” in 1934, but they were facing expulsion by 1940.
Important because it served as the model for the establishment of the UN and later NATO

34
Q

Weakened Europe

A

Most of the decline in Europe’s power stemmed from the economic decline caused by their activity within the War.
The most significant cause of economic deterioration was because of Europe’s loss of control in overseas markets and foreign investments, which prior to the role were a staple in Europe’s economic health.
Furthermore, America’s rise to economic dominance really hurt the European economy as in 1914 America was a debtor, owing a lot of money to Europe but by 1919, it was an international creditor.
The war also caused a weakened control over its overseas colonies, constituting Europe’s loss of political prestige as well.
Colonies view the Great War as an essential European Civil war, where fellow nations dehumanized and destroyed eachother, which hurt the European image of a superior society.
This led to colonized people believing that the Europeans are no longer destined to rule over the colonies = less inclined to subservience

35
Q

Lusitania

A

It was a British pleasure ship that was launched by the Cunard company in 1906, It was designed to establish a means of luxury transatlantic transportation
It heightened international tensions because it was purposefully sunk by a German Torpedo, because the Germans believed that there was military supplies on bord, this caused the death of 1,195 people.
The sinking of this ship was used in propaganda by the Americans and allies, which helped garner suppor for the allies and turn the tide of favor.