February 9th test

Question 1

Estates General

Answer 1

an assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates.
made up of three classes
- clergy
- nobility
- bourgeoisie
hardly ever met
- but was called into a meeting by King Louis XVI in 1789 to attempt to resolve tax issues
- later became the National Assembly

Question 2

National Assembly of France

Answer 2

A branch of individuals stemming from the third estate within the Estates General who sought to create a new constitution for France
- worked closely with Thomas Jefferson, wrote the declaration of the Rights of men and the Male citizen and promoted laws of “liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”
- created a constitutional monarchy in France

Question 3

Bastille Day July 14th 1789

Answer 3

The bastille was a prison that was held under the control of the french absolutist monarchy.
- on July 14th, 1789 an angry mob of the national assembly stormed the prison and violently took control of the guards, in the process releasing 7 important prisoners.
- this was a turning point that spurred the French Revolution and the spirit of upheaval

Question 4

Guillotine

Answer 4

Killing Machine that beheaded people
- used to execute king Louis XVI

Question 5

“levee en masse”

Answer 5

Mass-scale conscription that drafted people and resources for use in the war against invading forces

Question 6

Jacobins

Answer 6

Jacobins a radical French revolutionary family that believed in a total reform for France
- wanted to eliminate Christian influence in French society and did so by closing churches and forcing priests to take wives.
- they promoted a “cult of reason”
- instigated units of 10 days instead of 7 with no rest day for religious observance
- they did promote and observance womens rights allowing them to inherit property and rightfully divorce their husbands
- killed olympe de gouges

Question 7

Falling influence of Christianity in France

Answer 7

As enlightenment era ideals were widely accepted and radical revolutionaries pushed ideas of individuals sovereignty and deinstitutionalization of power, the power/influence of the church lessened.
it was further decreased through the Jacobins who sought to completely rid Christian influence in France and did so through violent means

Question 8

First Republic of France

Answer 8

First declaration made on 22 september, 1792 by the Jacobins. encouraged revolutionary support and supported women rights movements to an extent. However, the guillotine was used to execute around 40,000 people between 1793-1794

Question 9

Reign of Terror

Answer 9

The radicals who succombed to Robespierre and the Jacobins and faced the punishment of the guillotine

Question 10

Rise of Napolean

Answer 10

(1769-1821) Became an officer in the army of King Louis XVI, and later a general at age 24. great supporter of the revolution. Drove Austrian army out of Northern Italy and claimed the land for the French. In 1799 he returned to France and overthrew the Directory and established a new consulate government in which he had the most power. From this position he declared himself emperor in 1802.

Question 11

Directory

Answer 11

(1795-1799) A group of conservative men of property that seized power and ruled France under a new institution known as the directory. Struggled to maintain stability and power as the ideals of the old regime and revolution clashed.
- ended by Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 12

Civil Code of Napoleon

Answer 12

1804 - a revised body of civil law that also helped stabilize French society.
- confirmed political and legal equality for all male citizens
- promoted equality in education based off of talent rather than birth/class
- allowed for aristocratic opponents of revolution to regain property
- restored Patriarichal rule to family

Question 13

Waterloo

Answer 13

following his defeat in the war he staged against Russia, Napolean was banished to Elba, however he returned to France where he ruled for another 100 days before being defeated by the British army at Waterloo in Belgium.

Question 14

Haitian Revolution

Answer 14

only successful slave revolt in history
- a slave uprising following the French Revolution that caused the formerly colonized by the French St. Domingue to overthrow French rule and declare sovereignty
- occurred on the island of Hispaniola
- was formerly the richest colony in south America, accounting for 1/3 of French foreign trade
- sparked a revolutionary movement throughout south america

Question 15

Creoles

Answer 15

any person of European (mostly French or Spanish) or African descent born in the West Indies or parts of French or Spanish America

Question 16

Conservatism

Answer 16

viewed society as an organism that changes slowly over generations
- condemned radical/revolutionary change

Question 17

Liberalism

Answer 17

concerned about civil rights and less about political and social rights.
- looked to extend the rights of individuals

Question 18

abolishment of slavery

Answer 18

began with the declaration of the illegality of the slave trade and the end of the slave trade. doomed supply. it took a very long time to abolish the practice of slavery itself because of issues with “property” ownership. In England, the government compensated landowners for the loss of their workforce allowing them the abolishing slavery, while in Haiti independence was gained through violence

Question 19

Women and Revolution

Answer 19

many women actively participated in revolutionary actions. in the American revolution, women aided as nurses providing healthcare support for the troops, while during the French Revolution women stormed versailles to protest the price of bread. and finally in the 1790s women carrying pistols stormed the streets of Paris in an attempt to gain suffrage rights and the rights to hold positions in government.

Question 20

Nationalism

Answer 20

The widespread revolutions and wars involving the feuding of countries against each other led to a sense of nationalism as groups from certain countries began to recognize themselves as distinct national communities.
- worked to serve the interests of the common good within national communities
- demanded loyalty from party members and worked to declare sovereignty for said groups under outside imperial rule
- political nationalists like Giuseppe Mazzini sought independence from imperial rule by establishing groups such as young Italy
- forced minority groups against each other
- nationalism reached its peak following the French Revolution

Question 21

Zionism

Answer 21

A political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland. led to a mass scale migration to Palestine in order to establish a Jewish nationalist rule on sacred holy lands. Caused much conflict that still persists to this day.

Question 22

Anti-semitism

Answer 22

hostility or prejudice against the Jewish people, began truly around 1880 as the Zionist movements came to power and nationalism fueled suspicion among nationalist groups regarding minorities. led to mass-scale persecution of Jewish people that continued through WWII

Question 23

Italian Unification

Answer 23

The Italian Unification was a movement led by Giuseppe Mazzini that sought to unite a group called Young Italy while breaking away from Spanish and Austrian rule, and attempting to form their own nationalist state.

Question 24

Congress of vienna

Answer 24

1814 - After the fall of Napoleon representatives of the great powers that defeated Napolean– Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia attempted to restore order. under the leadership of Klemens von Metternich, the congress returned sovereignty to royal European families and disunited Napoleon’s empire. Restored national diplomacy and created a balance of power to prevent one state from becoming too powerful while attempting to curb nationalist rule.

Question 25

King Louis XVI

Answer 25

Last ruler of the Bourbon dynasty,
- spent far too much money in his attempt to aid the American Revolution, misusing French tax money
- placed the country in a state of economic collapse
- called the estates general into a meeting for the first time in centuries in an attempt to solve the taxation issues but the third estate took control, field by nationalist and enlightenment ideals, he was imprisoned for three years and beheaded by guillotine in 1793
along with his wife Marie Antoinette, began the French Revolution

Question 26

Marie Antoinette

Answer 26

Austrian princess. The wife of king Louis XVI, known for extortionately overspending in order to fund her extremely lavish lifestyle. Neglected the poor and said “let them eat cake” a public act that declared nobilities disregard for dismal state of the french economy. She was beheaded with her husband in 1793.

Question 27

Max Robespierre

Answer 27

(1758-1794) political radical known as the “incorruptible” was the executive authority of the French republic alongside the Jacobins. He was sent to the guillotine in 1794 for conspiracy by the convention.

Question 28

George Danton

Answer 28

Georges Jacques Danton (1759-1794) was a leader of the French Revolution, who played a major role in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the French Republic. He took a moderate stance and opposed the Reign of Terror, leading to his downfall and execution on 5 April 1794.

Question 29

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 29

French dictator/ emperor. (1769-1821) united France following the defeat of the convention and allowed himself to become dictator, in doing so he was able to propagate state ends and defeat many armies. He conquered many territories throughout Europe such s the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, the Austrian and Prussian forces, the Netherlands, and others. His military region only began to end when he attempted to occupy Russia but was defeated.

Question 30

Josephine

Answer 30

The wife of Napoleon who served as a great first lady commissioned many works of art that used propaganda to legitimize the rule of Napoleon. However, he marriage was annulled with him as she failed to produce a male heir.

Question 31

Toussaint of Haiti

Answer 31

(1744-1803) a well educated son to a slave allowed himself to rise to power as a livestock overseer and even grew some of his own crops on st. domingue. He was a astute leader in the Haitian revolution, quickly unifying the rebellious men. Created a constitution that declared sovereignty and equality for all individuals on the island. Napoleon attacked and sent him to jail in France where he died of maltreatment. however yellow fever and the French revolution made the french forces weak and the generals succeeding tousaint managed to defeat them, declaring independence for haiti in 1803.

Question 32

Simon Bolivar

Answer 32

a creole elite (1783-1830) led movement for independence within South America. followed the enlightenment ideals of sovereignty and sought to gain independence against Spanish rule. managed to free countries such as venezuala, Colombia, peru, and bolivia, but his plan to unite them all like America failed.