February 9th test Flashcards
Estates General
an assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates.
made up of three classes
- clergy
- nobility
- bourgeoisie
hardly ever met
- but was called into a meeting by King Louis XVI in 1789 to attempt to resolve tax issues
- later became the National Assembly
National Assembly of France
A branch of individuals stemming from the third estate within the Estates General who sought to create a new constitution for France
- worked closely with Thomas Jefferson, wrote the declaration of the Rights of men and the Male citizen and promoted laws of “liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”
- created a constitutional monarchy in France
Bastille Day July 14th 1789
The bastille was a prison that was held under the control of the french absolutist monarchy.
- on July 14th, 1789 an angry mob of the national assembly stormed the prison and violently took control of the guards, in the process releasing 7 important prisoners.
- this was a turning point that spurred the French Revolution and the spirit of upheaval
Guillotine
Killing Machine that beheaded people
- used to execute king Louis XVI
“levee en masse”
Mass-scale conscription that drafted people and resources for use in the war against invading forces
Jacobins
Jacobins a radical French revolutionary family that believed in a total reform for France
- wanted to eliminate Christian influence in French society and did so by closing churches and forcing priests to take wives.
- they promoted a “cult of reason”
- instigated units of 10 days instead of 7 with no rest day for religious observance
- they did promote and observance womens rights allowing them to inherit property and rightfully divorce their husbands
- killed olympe de gouges
Falling influence of Christianity in France
As enlightenment era ideals were widely accepted and radical revolutionaries pushed ideas of individuals sovereignty and deinstitutionalization of power, the power/influence of the church lessened.
it was further decreased through the Jacobins who sought to completely rid Christian influence in France and did so through violent means
First Republic of France
First declaration made on 22 september, 1792 by the Jacobins. encouraged revolutionary support and supported women rights movements to an extent. However, the guillotine was used to execute around 40,000 people between 1793-1794
Reign of Terror
The radicals who succombed to Robespierre and the Jacobins and faced the punishment of the guillotine
Rise of Napolean
(1769-1821) Became an officer in the army of King Louis XVI, and later a general at age 24. great supporter of the revolution. Drove Austrian army out of Northern Italy and claimed the land for the French. In 1799 he returned to France and overthrew the Directory and established a new consulate government in which he had the most power. From this position he declared himself emperor in 1802.
Directory
(1795-1799) A group of conservative men of property that seized power and ruled France under a new institution known as the directory. Struggled to maintain stability and power as the ideals of the old regime and revolution clashed.
- ended by Napoleon Bonaparte
Civil Code of Napoleon
1804 - a revised body of civil law that also helped stabilize French society.
- confirmed political and legal equality for all male citizens
- promoted equality in education based off of talent rather than birth/class
- allowed for aristocratic opponents of revolution to regain property
- restored Patriarichal rule to family
Waterloo
following his defeat in the war he staged against Russia, Napolean was banished to Elba, however he returned to France where he ruled for another 100 days before being defeated by the British army at Waterloo in Belgium.
Haitian Revolution
only successful slave revolt in history
- a slave uprising following the French Revolution that caused the formerly colonized by the French St. Domingue to overthrow French rule and declare sovereignty
- occurred on the island of Hispaniola
- was formerly the richest colony in south America, accounting for 1/3 of French foreign trade
- sparked a revolutionary movement throughout south america
Creoles
any person of European (mostly French or Spanish) or African descent born in the West Indies or parts of French or Spanish America
Conservatism
viewed society as an organism that changes slowly over generations
- condemned radical/revolutionary change
Liberalism
concerned about civil rights and less about political and social rights.
- looked to extend the rights of individuals
abolishment of slavery
began with the declaration of the illegality of the slave trade and the end of the slave trade. doomed supply. it took a very long time to abolish the practice of slavery itself because of issues with “property” ownership. In England, the government compensated landowners for the loss of their workforce allowing them the abolishing slavery, while in Haiti independence was gained through violence
Women and Revolution
many women actively participated in revolutionary actions. in the American revolution, women aided as nurses providing healthcare support for the troops, while during the French Revolution women stormed versailles to protest the price of bread. and finally in the 1790s women carrying pistols stormed the streets of Paris in an attempt to gain suffrage rights and the rights to hold positions in government.
Nationalism
The widespread revolutions and wars involving the feuding of countries against each other led to a sense of nationalism as groups from certain countries began to recognize themselves as distinct national communities.
- worked to serve the interests of the common good within national communities
- demanded loyalty from party members and worked to declare sovereignty for said groups under outside imperial rule
- political nationalists like Giuseppe Mazzini sought independence from imperial rule by establishing groups such as young Italy
- forced minority groups against each other
- nationalism reached its peak following the French Revolution
Zionism
A political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland. led to a mass scale migration to Palestine in order to establish a Jewish nationalist rule on sacred holy lands. Caused much conflict that still persists to this day.
Anti-semitism
hostility or prejudice against the Jewish people, began truly around 1880 as the Zionist movements came to power and nationalism fueled suspicion among nationalist groups regarding minorities. led to mass-scale persecution of Jewish people that continued through WWII
Italian Unification
The Italian Unification was a movement led by Giuseppe Mazzini that sought to unite a group called Young Italy while breaking away from Spanish and Austrian rule, and attempting to form their own nationalist state.
Congress of vienna
1814 - After the fall of Napoleon representatives of the great powers that defeated Napolean– Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia attempted to restore order. under the leadership of Klemens von Metternich, the congress returned sovereignty to royal European families and disunited Napoleon’s empire. Restored national diplomacy and created a balance of power to prevent one state from becoming too powerful while attempting to curb nationalist rule.
